Dr. Larche, Exam 2 (Chapter 8 Part 1)

Front 1

Prelingually deaf

Back 1

Severe hearing loss BEFORE the acquisition of language

Front 2

Postlingually deaf

Back 2

Severe hearing loss AFTER the acquisition of language

Front 3

Course of language for infants who were exposed to sign language from birth

Back 3

-similar to spoken language
-manual babbling, single-sign production, multi-sign combinations

Front 4

overregularizations

Back 4

goed, holded (same as hearing children)

Front 5

Lip-reading

Back 5

some deaf people learn to lip-read and to speak (most achieve only limited success)
-15-55% achieve intelligible speech

Front 6

Is language acquisition impaired for deaf children?

Back 6

NO!!! Speech is impaired, not language. Deaf children can acquire language if it's presented in a visual mode.

Front 7

American Sign Language

Back 7

- 4th most commonly used language in the United States
- MA is one of 38 states that recognizes ASL as a foreign language

Front 8

Cognitive benefits of incorporating a visual language?

Back 8

-Sign language impacts the right hemisphere (visual/spatial center, retains/processes the content of the sign) and the left hemisphere (grammar/language)
-increases IQ ~ 14 points
-engages all modalities - seeing, hearing, speaking, doing
- inexpensive to implement
- children want to communicate long before they can speak
- signing cuts frustration factor for children, parents, and teachers

Front 9

Signing research

Back 9

- as beneficial to hearing students as it is to deaf students
- assists in increasing vocabulary skills for hearing students
- kids who sign have above average reading skills
- fingerspelling effectively helps illiterate/dyslexic kids learn sight words (corrects reversals)

Front 10

When to begin signing?

Back 10

Immediately!
- babies use hand gestures before they use vocal-motor skills
- babies may begin to sign as early as 6 months

Front 11

cochlear implants

Back 11

mechanism that bypasses the damaged cells in the ear, directly stimulates the auditory nerve

Front 12

benefits/issues of cochlear implants

Back 12

helpful for POSTlingual deafened adults
deaf people believe that deafness is a DIFFERENCE not a DISABILITY in need of a cure

Front 13

Where does language reside?

Back 13

In the brain!!!

NOT the hands or mouth or ears

Front 14

How does language development differ in blind children?

Back 14

- access to nonverbal communication is limited to other senses
- eye gaze (joint attention) and pointing are blocked
- phonological development is affected by blindness.

Front 15

Blind children and phonological awareness / vocabulary

Back 15

Affected by blindness
- make more phonological errors especially when the articulatory pattern of the sound is very visual (b, m, f)
- nonvisible articulatory movements are same as sighted children (t, k, h)
- fewer words for objects that can be seen but not touched (moon) and more for things associated with auditory changes

Front 17

Course of development for blind children

Back 17

remarkable unimpeded by blindness
- with no other handicapping conditions, blind children follow the same process:
-babbling, first words and word combinations, acquire syntax/morphology SAME TIMETABLE AS SIGHTED CHILDREN

Front 18

relevance of blind/sighted timetable for verbal development

Back 18

Language acquisition isn't simply a process of mapping sounds onto things/actions to which they refer... otherwise the 'referent unavailability' would pose greater problems for blind children

Front 19

Mental retardation (definition and types)

Back 19

significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning
- very heterogeneous group (different forms of MR have different consequences on language development)

Front 20

How is general intellectual functioning related to language development?

Back 20

Since general intellect is used for language acquisition, an impairment of general intellect naturally impairs language acquisition (and to the same degree)

Front 21

Average IQ

Back 21

100 (+/- 10 points)

Front 22

IQ for mental retardation

Back 22

< or = to 70

Front 23

Bucket size

Back 23

Regardless of "bucket sizes", you will always have strengths and weaknesses
- the key is, you will never have a strength that is larger than your bucket size

Front 24

Down Syndrome

Back 24

- 1 form of Mental Retardation
- chromosomal abnormality, 1 in 800 newborns
- cause is unknown (associated with advanced maternal age)
-- age 30 -- 1 in 1,000 babies born with DS
-- age 35 -- 1 in 400 babies born with DS
-- age 42 -- 1 in 60 babies born with DS

Front 25

Language implications of Down Syndrome

Back 25

- language is more impaired than other cognitive functions
- expressive deficits exceed comprehension deficits
- babbling is delayed about 2 months
- phonological development after infancy is substantially delayed and continue into adulthood

Front 26

Down Syndrome and language development

Back 26

- Lexical development starts late and proceeds slowly in kids with DS, - first word-- about 24 months (about 1 yr later than typical kids)
- Grammatical development, same course of development, may take 12 years instead of 2.5
*for many kids with Down Syndrome, language halts at 12.

Front 27

Grammatical development and Down Syndrome

Back 27

most affected
- They cover the same course of grammatical development but it may take 12 years (vs 2.5 years with a typical child)
- Language typically comes to a halt at 12

Front 28

effect of IQ < than 50

Back 28

research suggests that IQ >50 may be needed for full master of morphology/complex syntax of English

Front 29

Language strengths for Down Syndrome kids

Back 29

communicative and pragmatic development appear to be particular strengths
- more interested in social interaction (less interested in objects)
- competent conversational partners (take more turns that typical kids, revise/repair when conversation breaks down)

Front 30

General cognition in language (reasoning based on Down Syndrome kids' abilities)

Back 30

Language development is delayed (consistent)
Many aspects of language development are more delayed than cognitive development (suggesting that general cognitive development is only one factor)

Front 31

Mental retardation -- summary of language development

Back 31

Mental retardation affects language development.
the degree of MR present doesn't necessarily predict the severity/type of language impairment.
i.e. Down syndrome, language development is more affected than other cognitive skills

Front 32

Can we make assumptions based on IQ level?

Back 32

You can't assume something automatically based on IQ, but it gives a general picture.