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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 characteristics of cancer?
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1. Self-sufficiency in growth factors
2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory factors (p21, p53) 3. Evasion of apoptosis 4. Limitless replicative potential 5. Sustained angiogenesis 6. Tissue destruction and Metastasis (Cancer sickness is even less stable than metastasis) |
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List the phases of the cell cycle from G0.
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G0
G1 S G2 M cell division |
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can the cell cycle be reversed?
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NO 1 direction
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What are the three check points of the cell cycle?
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Restriction point (in G1)
G1/S restriction G2/M restriction |
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WHich part of cell cycle has continuously cycling labile cells? (epidermis, GI tract, Epithelium)
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S phase
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What phase are the quiescent, stable cells (hepatocytes) or permanent cells in?
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G0
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What is checked for at the G1/S check point?
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dna damage
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What is checked for at the G2/M check point?
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Damaged and unduplicated DNA
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During what phase of cell cycle does duplication of chromosomes occur?
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S phase
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what are the key regulators of the cell cycle?
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Cyclins and CDKs
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are cyclins or CdKs enzymatic?
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CdKs
(K for Kinase which is enzymatic) |
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what is a cyclin?
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A family of nuclear regulatory proteins
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What is a CdK?
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heterodimer, serine/threonine protein kinase.
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can a CdK be enzymatic on its own?
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NO! it needs binding of cyclin to be active
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What CdKs does Cyclin D activate?
WHere is it found? |
CdK 4
CdK 6 Pushes cell into G1 phase |
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WHat CdKs does cyclin E activate? Where in cell cycle is it found?
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CdK 2
G1 to S phase transition |
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WHat CdKs does cyclin A activate? Where in cell cycle is it found?
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CdK 2
G2 phase to Mitosis phase |
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WHat CdKs does cyclin B activate? Where in cell cycle is it found?
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CdK 1
In Mitosis phase |
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What are the 5 tumor suppressors and what do they do?
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p53
p21 p16 p27 pRb Inhibit interaction bw CdKs and cyclins |
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What does p53 do?
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involved in production of p21
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What does p21 do?
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blocks CdK4-cyclin D interaction
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What does p16 do?
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blocks CdK4-cyclin D interaction
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what does p27 do?
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blocks CdK2-cyclin E interaction
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What does pRb do and what does it stand for?
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blocks transcription
retinoblastoma protein |
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In cancer, are tumor suppressor levels decreased or elevated?
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decreased
cancer is a tumor and tumor suppressors block tumors. |
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What is a major growth factor in cancer?
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Epidermal Growth Factor
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What are 2 major cytokines in cancer?
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IL-6
TNF alpha |
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What pathways do the growth factors in cancer activate?
WHat do these pathways activate? |
PI3 pathway
IP3 pathway MAP-kinase pathway All activate transcription factors and increase # of cells |
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overexpression of what molecule and type of what Receptors is associated with cancer?
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EGF (epidermal growth factor)
ERB B1 -EGF receptor B1 ERB B2 -EGF receptor B2 (these receptors have been shown to be overactive in cancer, being active even w/o EGF binding |
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WHat are the two mechanisms of cancer? what are hte percentages of each?
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Extrinsic pathway (15%)
-chronic inflammation induced Intrinsic pathway (85%) -genetic alterations bring on neoplasms and inflammation |
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Expression of what molecule can be used as a marker for innate immunity to oral cancer?
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human Beta Defensins
hBDs |
