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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genes
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make up genetic code: information about who you become. are short segments composed of DNA
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nucleus of each human cell
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23 pairs of chromosomes (n=46) chromosomes contain your DNA
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codominance
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neither gene dominates; both traits expressed AB blood
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Mitosis
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each chromosome duplicates itself. designed for cell growth and repair. “extra” 46 chromosomes then split off to form another cell. occurs in all cells EXCEPT the reproductive cells
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sex-linked inheritance:
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characteristic is influenced by sex chromosomes only
color blindness |
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Meiosis
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– cells divide into gametes containing half the number of chromosomes gametes include: sperm, eggs
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polygenic inheritance:
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characteristic is influenced by multiple genes
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single gene-pair inheritance:
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characteristic influenced by one pair of genes. Dominant (B) vs. Recessive (b) genes
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Dominant (B) vs. Recessive (b) genes:
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Dominant Recessive
dark hair blonde hair curly hair straight hair nonred hair red hair facial dimples no dimples normal hearing forms of deafness farsightedness normal vision normal color vision red-green color blindness normal skin pigmentation albinism double jointedness normal joints Type A or B blood Type O blood Rh + factor Rh – factor immunity to poison ivy susceptibility to poison ivy tongue curl no curl |
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incomplete dominance:
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dominant gene incompletely dominates recessive gene
red and white = pink |
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Klinefelter’s syndrome
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XXY verbal difficulties, some physical abnormalities
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XYY
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aggression issue – outdated
above average height |
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Turner syndrome
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XO spatial problems
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Fragile X
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learning disabilities, attention problems more common in males than females
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Triple X – XXX
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verbal difficulties
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Down syndrome
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(commonly positively correlated with mother’s increasing age) 47 chromosomes Trisomy 21
mild to severe retardation, physical abnormalities |
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Gene-linked Abnormalities
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Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes Hemophilia Huntington disease appears in adulthood PKU Sickle-cell anemia Spina bifida Tay-Sachs |
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fertilization
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normally occurs in the fallopian tubes
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Genetic testing
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ultrasound
amniocentesis: 12th to 16th week; 1 in 200-300 miscarry |
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Germinal Period
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(approx. 2 weeks) see Table 4.1 in text (pg. 92)
conception to implantation (zygote to embryo) organism usually arrives in uterus on about the 4th day post conception implantation usually occurs by 10th day post conception |
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Fertilization
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one ovum / egg (gamete – 23 chromosomes)
one sperm (gamete – 23 chromosomes) zygote – single-celled organism (fertilized egg – 46 chromosomes) |
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age of viability
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23-25 weeks post conception
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monozygotic twins (identical)
dizygotic twins (fraternal) conjoined twins – timing |
monozygotic twins (identical)
dizygotic twins (fraternal) conjoined twins – timing |
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Teratogens
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thalidomide
some hormones found in birth control pills Accutane aspirin caffeine nicotine alcohol – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome cocaine, marijuana, heroin diseases: Rubella, syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS environment: radiation pollutants, lead toxoplasmosis mom’s age, emotional state, stress, nutrition (diet) dad … |
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multiple births
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mother’s age (> 30)and fertility drugs twin births up 74% since 1980; triplet+ rate is 5 times higher rate declined in past 2 years increases chance of preterm birth complications
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sensitive periods
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birth stage 1
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contractions begin; 6-7 hours (later 4-6)
can last for 12-24 hours (longest stage) transition period – contractions stronger and longer, finish dilating cervix cervix dilates and widens to 10 cm |
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birth stage 2
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approx. 1 hour (later 15-20 mins.)
baby’s head moves through cervix and birth canal ends when baby is out pushing |
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birth stage 3
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afterbirth (few mins.)
delivery of placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes |
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methods of delivery
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Medicated:
drugs: analgesic – relieves pain anesthetic – blocks sensation/consciousness (epidural) oxytocin – stimulates contractions Natural and Prepared: education and preparedness breathing techniques and relaxation exercises Cesarean: surgical delivery breech mother / baby in stress, etc |
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Birthweight
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“norm:” gestation of 38 to 42 weeks
20 in. long 7½ lbs. preterm: born prior to 35 weeks low-birthweight: born “on time,” but weigh less than 5½ lbs. small for date: small for gestational age |
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APGAR scale:
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given within 5 mins. after birth assesses immediate health
Appearance – body color 7-10 good 0 = blue, pale 5 caution 1 = body pink, extremities blue 0-3 emergency 2 = entire body pink Pulse – heart rate 0 = absent 1 = slow (< 100 beats per minute) 2 = fast (100-140 beats per minute) Grimace – reflex irritability 0 = none 1 = grimace 2 = coughing, sneezing, & crying Activity – muscle tone 0 = limp, flaccid 1 = weak, inactive, some flexing of extremities 2 = strong, active motion Respiration – respiratory effort 0 = no breathing for more than 1 minute 1 = irregular and slow 2 = good breathing with normal crying |
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale:
given within 3 days after birth |
assesses neurological development, reflexes, & reactions to people
27 items divide into 4 categories: physiological motoric state interaction |
