Dr. Carters Wichita State Gross Anatomy Class The Vertebral Column

Front 1

The appendicular skeleton includes what?

Back 1

Upper extremeity and pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and the lower extremity and its pelvic girdle (ilium, pubis, and ischium)

Front 2

What does the axial skeleton include?

Back 2

The skull, mandible, hyoid bone, vertebral column including the sacrum and coccyx, ribs and sternum

Front 3

How many vertebrae does the cervical region have?

Back 3

7

Front 4

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?

Back 4

12

Front 5

How many vertebrae are found in the lumbar?

Back 5

5 (6 if you have a congenital defect)

Front 6

The sacrum is fused from the fusion of how many vertebrae?

Back 6

5

Front 7

Fusion begins at what age and is completed at what age?

Back 7

Begins at 16-18 years of age and is completed by the mid-20s

Front 8

Coccyx is formed from the fusion of how many vertebrae?

Back 8

3-5

Front 9

What age is fusion completed?

Back 9

age 30

Front 10

The primary curve exists in what?

Back 10

utero

Front 11

The primary curve is concave where?

Back 11

anteriorly

Front 12

What kind of curve is the cervical curve?

Back 12

secondary and is normally seen at 3 months of age. It is convex anteriorly and develops from holding the head upright

Front 13

Lumbar curve is what?

Back 13

secondary

Front 14

What age is the lumbar curve typically seen at?

Back 14

6 months of age from sitting up and becomes more pronounced due to bipedal locomotion

Front 15

The development of the various curves of the spine are due to what?

Back 15

Due to the differences in the anterior and posterior depths of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs

Front 16

Kyphosis affects what region of the spine?

Back 16

Thoracic

Front 17

What does kyphosis present as?

Back 17

An increased posterior convexity (hunchback appearance)-particularly seen in women who have osteoporosis

Front 18

Lordosis affects what region of the spine?

Back 18

The Lumbar region

Front 19

How does Lordosis present?

Back 19

As an increased anterior convexity (sway back)-more frequent in women during third trimester pregnancy-condition is reversible after pregnancy

Front 20

How many lateral curves does Scoliosis present with?

Back 20

2 lateral curves

Front 21

What scoliotic curve is primary?

Back 21

The curve in the thoracolumbar region

Front 22

The secondary scoliosis curve develops in what region and is the resultant of what?

Back 22

The secondary curve develops in the thoracocervical region as a compensatory curve. The secondary curve maintains the skull over the vertical axis of the body. A rotational deformity results that is visible in the thoracic rib cage

Front 23

Scoliosis is more commonly seen in whom?

Back 23

Teenage girls

Front 24

There are two types of ligaments in the vertebral column, name them

Back 24

Ligaments that are between vertebral bodies and ligaments that are between vertebral arches

Front 25

Ligaments that are between vertebral bodies include?

Back 25

Intervertebral discs, anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 26

Ligaments between the vertebral arches include?

Back 26

Supraspinous ligaments, Interspinous ligaments, Ligamentum Flavum, intertransverse ligaments

Front 27

How many toxins are found in cigarettes?

Back 27

4,000 and 70 are known carcinogens

Front 28

Intervertebral discs are composed of what?

Back 28

A gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) and a fibrous ring (annulus fibrosis). Its shape and size is defined by the vertebral bodies and the curvature of the spine

Front 29

What is a HNP (herniated nucleus pulposis)?

Back 29

It's where the nucleus pulposis spills out and impinges the nerve network of collegen fibers.

Front 30

The collegen fibers of the annulus fibrosis have the tensile strength of what?

Back 30

Steel

Front 31

Describe the orientation of the fibers of the annulus fibrosis?

Back 31

Orientation of fibers are at oblique, transverse and have concentric layers that overlap and reinforce each other. This design gives maximum protection from disc dislocation and maintains physical integrity

Front 32

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Back 32

Is broad and flat, is located on the front side of vertebrae and intervertebral discs. This ligament is quite strong and is found along the entire length of the vertebral column

Front 33

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 33

is narrow and flat and is located on the posterior side of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs. It is contained within the vertebral canal and is found along the entire length of the vertebral column

Front 34

Describe the supraspinous ligament

Back 34

is a continuous structure attached to the tips of the spinous processes along the entire length of the vertebral column. It is enlarged in the cervical region and known as the ligamentum nuchae

Front 35

Describe the interspinous ligaments

Back 35

they are interposed between adjacent spinous processes

Front 36

Describe the ligamentum Flavum

Back 36

Is a yellow colored ligament that is interposed between adjacent laminae. They are yellow because they are elastic fibers. They must be elastic in order not to compress the spinal cord when a person moves the back

Front 37

Describe the intertransverse ligaments

Back 37

These ligaments are interposed between adjacent transverse processes

Front 38

Where do we usually see disruption of the intervertebral discs?

Back 38

Posterolateral side of the lumbar or cervical discs

Front 39

What is dynamic spinal stenosis?

Back 39

It's caused when someone moves the spine and causes a narrowing and impingment of the spinal cord because the ligamentum flavum is deterrioting

Front 40

What is a zygopophyseal joint?

Back 40

A joint that connects one joint to another in the spine and is synovial

Front 41

What are the basic movements of the spine?

Back 41

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

Front 42

The movements of the spine are made possible due to what?

Back 42

compression and distortion of the intervertebral discs

Front 43

What limits the movements of the spine?

Back 43

by the orientation of the joints between the vertebral arches

Front 44

What movements are in the cervical spine?

Back 44

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation between C1 and C2

Front 45

What movements are in the thoracic spine?

Back 45

flexion, extension, and lateral flexion. free rotation is possible due to the alignment of the articular processes on an arc about the axis of rotation

Front 46

What movements are possible in regards to the lumbar spine?

Back 46

Flexion, extension, and lateral flexion; however rotation is limited by inwardly facing articular processes

Front 47

The first cervical vertebrae is known as what?

Back 47

The atlas

Front 48

The second cervical vertebrae is known as what?

Back 48

The axis

Front 49

What are some unique features of the atlas?

Back 49

Absense of a body, spinous process and pedicles;
Anterior arch with an anterior tubercle on the anterior surface and an articular facet on the posterior side;
lateral masses from which project the transverse processes

Front 50

What structures pass through the intervertebral foramen?

Back 50

spinal nerves, extension of dura mater, segmental artery, intervertebral veins

Front 51

the dens is aka?

Back 51

the ondontoid process

Front 52

The spinous process on the axis is what?

Back 52

bifid (seperated into 2 parts)

Front 53

What is unique about C3?

Back 53

It has both anterior and posterior tubercles on either side of the transverse foramen; spinous process is bifid (C3-C6)
Spinous process of C7 is prominent, downward sloping and is not bifid

Front 54

What is contained in the sacral canal?

Back 54

Cauda equina, dura mater, and arachnoid membrane

Front 55

What exit from the anterior sacral foramina?

Back 55

Ventral primary rami

Front 56

What exits from the posterior sacral foramina?

Back 56

dorsal primary rami