Dpc - Concepts And Definitions Of Health And Disease

Front 1

Definition of Health

Back 1

Defined as the highest possible level or state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease

Front 2

Disease

Back 2

Inevitable when the defense mechanisms of a hosts body fail to cope with the forces tending to disturb the body's internal mechanism

Front 3

Communicable Disease

Back 3

Illness due to specific infectious agents or their respective toxic products which arise through their products from a reservoir to susceptible host.

As either:
From infected person or animal
Agency of an intermediary plant or animal host
A vector
The inanimate environment

Front 4

Infectious Disease

Back 4

Disease of man or animal resulting from the entry, development, or multiplication of specific pathogens in the body of man or animal

Examples: gonococcal urethritis

Front 5

Contagious Disease

Back 5

Arises only from through the direct transmission of the infectious agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Typically the infectious agent is easily transmitted.

Example: leprosy

Front 6

Infectious Agent

Back 6

Any organism (mainly a microorganism but also may include parasites and helminthes) that is living and capable of invading and multiplying in the body of the host

Front 7

Host

Back 7

Refers to the living / organic body of man or animal where the infectious agent depends on it for survival

Front 8

Types of hosts (Bodies) and host states

Back 8

Types of hosts:
Infected Body
Susceptible Body

Host states:
Infection
Contamination

Front 9

Infected body

Back 9

The infectious agent has already entered the body, and is already multiplying.

Front 10

Susceptible body

Back 10

The body does not possess resistance yet against specific infectious agents, making the body liable to be infected.

Front 11

Infection (Host state)

Back 11

The successful entry and multiplication of an infectious agent into a living body

Also implies that the living body responds to the presence and multiplication of the infectious agent.

Front 12

Contamination (Host state)

Back 12

There is interaction between the infectious agent and the host's body.

The infectious agent may remain on inanimate objects (e.g. - water, food, soil)

Front 13

Premises of the ecologic concept of disease causation

Back 13

1. Disease is the result of the imbalance of between the forces of the infectious agent and the host.
2. The resulting imbalance depends on the nature of the infectious agent and the host.
3. The nature of the infectious agent and the host, as well as their interaction, depends on the environment.

Front 14

Force of infection, its components, and their interaction to the host's body

Back 14

Represented by the living mircoorganism.

*ALL LIVING THINGS are endowed with some inherent force (including and especially aspiring Jedi knights, Luke Skywalker, Yoda, Obi Wan Kenobi, and Darth Vader).

1. Type of infecting organism (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite, etc)
2. Quantity
3. Virulence
4. Capacity of the infectious agent to multiply and invade the host's body

All act to the detriment to the host's body.

Front 15

Force of resistance, its components, and their collective function for the host

Back 15

Endowed by the living body of the host.

Composed of (but not limited to):
1. Specific antibodies
2. Other non-specific factors that serve to protect the body against invasion by the infecting organism

Form the resistance of the body

Front 16

True or False: The result of the interaction between the force of infection and the force of resistance do not determine what happens to the host.

Back 16

False

Front 17

Stages of the spectrum of infection

Back 17

1. No infection
2. Carrier Stage
3. Missed Case
4. Mild Case
5. Moderate Case
6. Severe Case
7. Death

Front 18

No infection

Back 18

The force of resistance has successfully resisted the entry of the infectious agent. There is no infection, and the hosts body is in the state of good health.

Front 19

Carrier Stage

Back 19

The infectious agent has succeeded in entering the host's body.

However the force of resistance is able to control and resist the infectious agent so much that practically no damage on the tissues of the host's body is as yet taking place. Therefore, there are no visible signs of such interaction;

This is a stage of unapparent or unrecognized infection, and the host may not be aware of the on-going infection

Front 20

Missed Case

Back 20

As the force of infection gradually progresses and the force of resistance correspondingly and gradually increases, the infectious agent now starts to damage the tissues of the host's body.

However the damage may be negligible and the host may not yet manifest signs and symptoms of the disease process. Thus there is a chance for the cases to be missed.

Front 21

Mild Case

Back 21

As the force of infection further progresses, the damage in the host's body continues to increase. Thus the host may now exhibit signs and symptoms.

Front 22

Moderate Case

Back 22

As the damage within the host's body continues to increase, the host's signs and symptoms further develop and gradually become clearer

Front 23

Severe Case

Back 23

Damage within the host's body has become extensive, and the force of resistance further regresses.

Signs and symptoms are now pronounced and very obvious, and the host's body is considered severely diseased.

A very weak force of resistance may lead to the development of chronic, debilitating disease conditions.

Front 24

Death

Back 24

Represents the extreme end of the spectrum. The force of infection has overcome the force of resistance and this inevitably results in the death of the host.

Front 25

Stages of the Natural History of Disease

Back 25

1. Prepathogenesis
2. Pathogenesis

Front 26

Pre-Pathogenesis

Back 26

There is preliminary interaction of the potential infectious agent, the host, and the environment in disease production, which takes place in the environment

The stage at which man is not involved by the disease process. During this stage, however, the agent, host, and environment interactions bring together the agent and the host or produce a disease-provoking stimulus in the human host.

Front 27

Pathogenesis

Back 27

The process of pathogenesis takes place within the hosts's body, starting with the first interaction with disease provoking stimuli to change in form and function, which results in defect, disability or death.

Pathogenesis has 3 periods - Incubation, Clinical, and Recovery or Death

The clinical period of pathogenesis has three categories of signs and symptoms of infection - Prodrome, Frank Illness, and the Chronic Stage

Front 28

Incubation Period of Pathogenesis

Back 28

Cellular or tissue reactions are present, but the host does not present signs or symptoms of the disease process; refers to the time duration between the receipt of the infective organism by the susceptible host and the first clinical manifestation of disease

Front 29

Clinical Period of Pathogenesis

Back 29

Because of the interaction of the infectious agent and the host, clinical signs and symptoms are now evident

Front 30

Clinical Period - Prodrome

Back 30

Consists of mild, non-specific signs and symptoms

E.g. - Generalized body weakness, weight loss, fever, etc.

Front 31

Clinical Period - Frank Illness

Back 31

Signs and symptoms are now more specific

E.g. - Icteresia, hemoptysis, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, etc.

Front 32

Clinical Period - Chronic Stage

Back 32

Disease is prolonged

E.g. - Development of anemia due to chronic kidney disease secondary to uncontrolled hypertenstion or diabetes; development of left sided residuals due to a cerebrovascular disease.

Front 33

Causes of Disease

Back 33

1. Miasma Phase
2. Germ Phase

Front 34

Miasma Phase

Back 34

During this phase, disease was attributed to bad air and elements. Specific causes of diseases were unknown in this era.

Front 35

Germ Phase

Back 35

During this phase, specific pathogens were recognized as the cause of disease. This phase marked a watershed in the concept of disease, and the hunt for pathogens was carried out on a war footing. This gave an impetus to set up isolation wards and big hospitals.

Front 36

Germ Concept of Communicable Disease

Back 36

Germs and microorganisms are the causative agents of communicable diseases.

Louis Pasteur was able to prove this concept.

Front 37

Prominent new avenues opened up by the germ concept

Back 37

1. Use of isolations and quaratines
2. Emergence of preventative measures, such as disinfection, fumigation, etc.
3. Research studies on origins and modes of transmission of certain pathogens / microoorganisms

Front 38

Definition of Prevention

Back 38

Prevention depends on the causes related to the AGENT, HOST, and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, and the ease with which the causes may be intercepted and counteracted.

Prevention requires the construction and interposition of various kinds of barriers in the interaction of these elements.

The degree of success in prevention depends on the completeness of knowledge regarding the natural history of disease, the opportunity to apply the knowledge and the actual application of it.

Front 39

Levels of Prevention, their definitions, their provisions, and their disease stages in which they are implemented

Back 39

1. Primary prevention - Prevents initiation of the disease. Prevention by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals.
Implemented in the PRE-PATHOGENESIS disease stage.
Includes:
-Health Promotion
-Specific Protection

2. Secondary prevention - Prevents progression of the disease process when detectable.
Implemented in the EARLY PATHOGENESIS disease stage.
Includes:
-Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases

3. Tertiary prevention - Prevents serious outcome and complete dependence.
Implemented in the LATE PATHOGENESIS disease stage.
Includes:
-Disability limitation
-Rehabilitation

Front 40

Primary Prevention: Health Promotion

Back 40

Measures employed in promoting health, not directed to any disease but serve to further the general health and well being. Health education and motivation is important in this.

They Include:

-Good standard of nutrition

-Counseling and parent education

-Development of good habits of health and hygiene

-Prompt utilization of available health facilities

-Adequate housing and recreation

-Sex education & counseling before & during marriage

-Genetics
-Periodic selective health examination of individuals

Front 41

Primary Prevention: Specific Prevention

Back 41

Prevention in it conventional sense and comprises of measures applicable to a particular disease or group of diseases in order to intercept the cause of disease before they involve man.

They include:

-Isolation and quarantine

-Control of means of spread- proper waste disposal, food, water, milk sanitation

Immunization- increases resistance of the host

Avoidance of various carcinogenic agents & treatment
of pre cancerous lesions

-Protection against occupational hazards

-Protection from accidents

-Control of aspects of human behavior such as dietary habits, tobacco , drugs and alcohol abuse

Front 42

Secondary Prevention: Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment

Back 42

Objectives:
• To prevent the spread of infection if the disease is
infectious
• To cure or arrest the disease process in order to
prevent complication
• To prevent prolonged disability
• Important features: Case findings as in TB and
cancer

This level of prevention includes:
-Case finding by surveys and selective examinations
-Use of all available laboratory procedures
-Use of consultant specialists in communicable diseases
-Adequate identification of cases
-Examination of contacts

This level of prevention can be undertaken at various levels:
-In the general population or in an age specific population
-In captive groups, such as school children, jail inmates, and industrial workers
-In a hospital or clinical setting

Front 43

Tertiary Prevention: Disability Limitation

Back 43

Prevention or delay in the progression of clinically
advanced diseases

Preventing Disability Requirements:
o Adequate treatment to arrest the disease
process and to prevent further complications
and sequalae.
o Provisions of facilities (such as complete therapy, hospitalization when needed, and use of home nursing services) to limit disabilities and
prevent death

Front 44

Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation

Back 44

Provisions of adequate facilities in hospitals,
communities and industries.

Provision for selective placement which includes:

-Education of the public and industries to utilize the rehabilitated individuals.

-Use of sheltered colonies.

Intensive follow up & treatment of cases – to
prevent relapse in certain diseases and to effect cure in diseases

Front 45

True or False: All contagious diseases are communicable and infectious.

Back 45

True

Front 46

True or False: All communicable and infectious diseases are contagious.

Back 46

False

Front 47

True or False: In the Carrier Stage the force of resistance is not able to resist and control the infectious agent.

Back 47

False

Front 48

True or False: Infections always mean no Missed Cases

Back 48

False

Front 49

At what stage in the spectrum of infection may an infected host begin to show signs and symptoms of infection?

Back 49

Mild Case