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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two parts of the brain that help coordinate and refine muscle movement?
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1. Basal Ganglia
2. Cerebellum |
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What is the main motor pathway the synapses directly or indirectly on lower motor neurons?
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Corticospinal pathway
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What type of neurons go directly to muscle cells?
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Alpha nuerons
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What are the three motor corticies and where are the located?
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1. Primary motor cortex (M1) - rostral to the central gyrus
2. Supplemental motor cortex (M2) - primarily medial 3. Pre-motor cortex - rostral to the primary motor cortex |
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The frontal eye field is part of what motor cortex?
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The pre-motor cortex
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What is the function of M2?
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It helps coordinate the final motor output with the primary motor cortex.
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What area is the primary motor corext? The primary sensory cortex? The pre-motor cortex?
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1. Area 4
2. Area 1, 2, 3 3. Area 6 |
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How many layers does the neocortex have? The allocortex?
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1. 6
2. 3 |
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What part of the brain deals with the force of contraction of a muscle as well as the timing of firing?
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Primary motor cortex
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What variable has to do with force?
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Frequency - the higher the frequency the higher the force
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How would you describe the timing of the firing of the primary motor cortex and the firing of the target muscle?
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The happen almost simultaneously
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How would you describe the timing of the firing of the pre-motor cortex and the firing of the target muscle?
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It fires before the muscle fires
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Where do the premotor cortex neurons primarily project? Where do some of them project?
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The primary motor cortex while a few go all the way down to the ventral horn.
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Where does the pre-motor cortex sometimes get information from and what kind of information is it?
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1. Posterior parietal cortex - proprioreception
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When do the supplemental motor cortex neurons fire? Do they always result in a movement?
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Before the pre-motor cortex neurons fire. No the can fire by just thinking about a movement while not resulting in one.
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What are upper motor neurons?
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Neurons that come off the cortex.
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What is the result of the loss or damage of UMN (2)?
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1. Weakness
2. Spasticity |
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What is actually responsible for the tension in the muscle?
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Golgi organs
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Where do lower motor neurons project?
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They project to muscles
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What disease targeted lower motor neurons?
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Polio
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What disease targets both UMN and LMN?
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ALS (Lou Gehrigs's Disease)
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What actually makes up a motor unit?
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The alpha neuron and the muscle cells it innervates.
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What is a twitch due to spontaneous activation of a motor unit? What could cause these?
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1. Fasciculations
2. Caffeine or irritation of the motor neuron |
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What could happen if an alpha neuron dies?
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A different alpha neuron could take control of the newly available muscle cells.
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What does a denervated muscle cell do to call for help and what is it called? What can it be seen with?
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1. Twitch
2. Fibrillation 3. EMG |
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What do you see in ALS? Fasciculations or fibrillations? Where is the first place that you see atrophy?
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1. Fasciculations
2. Thenar eminence or the tounge |
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What is a therpeutic drug given to people with hyperactive muscles? What does it do?
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1. Boulinum toxin
2. Causes the presynaptic receptors to internalize and then cuts up the proteins needed for vesicle docking |
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What does Botulinum A target?
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Synaptobrevin or VAMP
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What does Botulinum B target?
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SNAP 25
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Is the affect of botulinum toxin permanent?
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No
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If you have damage to the primary motor cortex, what is the result and why? What type of muscle is this effect seen in?
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1. Contralateral motor loss due to the decussation of the pyramids
2. Distal musculature |
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In a lesion to the primary motor cortex, why is the axial musculature spared?
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It is innervated bilaterally by the ventral corticospinal tract.
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Damage to the corticobulbar tract results in what?
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Paralysis of the contralateral face below the forehead. Sometimes the tounge is spared.
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Damage to the premotor cortex results in what(2)?
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1. Slow, jerky movements
2. Affected visually guided tasks |
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Damage to the supplementary motor cortex results in what?
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Loss of motor planning - apraxia
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What is the loss of motor planning called?
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Apraxia
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What are the results of primary hydrocephalus?
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1. Dementia
2. Apraxia 3. Incontinence |
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What are the waves of increasing pressure in primary hydrocephalus called?
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Alpha waves
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What is the only way to diagnose primary hydrocephalus?
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Put a device in the brain to measure alpha waves.
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How do you treat primary hdrocephalus?
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Shunt
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What happens with a lesion to the posterior parietal cortex?
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1. Loss of intrapersonal space maps
2. Hemi-motor neglect (damage is on the non-dominant side) |
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What two situations would you see both eyes looking in the same direction?
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1. Seizure (eyes look contralateral to seizure side)
2. Hemi-pons lesion (look contralateral to paralyzed side) |
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Twisting of the arms to the outside is called?
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Decerebrate
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Twisting of the arms to the inside is called?
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Decorticate
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Which has a higher lesion? Decerebrate or Decorticate?
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Decorticate
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Of the specific spinal tracts, which controls fine motor movements?
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Corticospinal tract
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What is the breakdown of the corticospinal tract?
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1. Primary motor cortex - 40%
2. Area 6 - 20% 3. Parietal lobe - 40% |
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What do corticobulbar fibers control and where does the tract run? What areas comprise the tract?
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1. Face
2. Genu of the internal capsule 3. Area 4 and 6 |
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What does the corticorubral tract become?
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Rubrospinal tract
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What does the corticorubral tract do? What does it affect?
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1. Talks to the red nucleus then talks to the alpha neurons
2. Torso, head and arms |
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Where do corticopontine fibers go?
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Pontine nucleus where they synapse and then crossover using the middle cerebellar peduncule to communicate with the opposite side of the cerebellum.
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Which tracts all are modulatory via the cerebellum (3)?
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1. Corticothalamic
2. Corticostriatal 3. Corticopontine |
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What tracts are all responsible for direct movement(4)?
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1. Corticospinal
2. Corticobulbar 3. Corticoreticular 4. Corticorubral |
