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310 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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typical weigt of rectal suppository?
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2g
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typical weight of vaginal suppository?
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5g
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typical weight of female urethral suppository?
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2g
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typical weight of male urethral suppository?
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4g
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pH of anorectal cavity?
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7-8
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for systemic action of a suppository, how much of the drug will be absorbed in circulation?
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50-70%
|
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exampels of local action suppositories
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hemorrohoid, fungal infection, bacterial infection, chronic inflammation, constipation
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examples of systemic action suppositories
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anti-emetic, tranquilizer, vasodilator, analgesic, hypnotic, antipyretic, antiasthmatic
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oleaginous aka..
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fatty, hydrophobic
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water soluble/miscible aka..
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hydrophilic
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local action antifungal suppository
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clotrimazole
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local action antibacterial suppository
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framycetin
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local action astringent suppository
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bismuth subgallate
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local action antiinflammatory suppository
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hydrocortisone
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systemic action suppository for GI irritation
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indomethacin
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systemic action suppository anti-emetic
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domperidone
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systemic action suppository analgesic
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oxymorphone HCl
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cetyl alcohol and propylene glycol are what type of suppository additives
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plasticizer
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cocoa butter is a ______ base
|
oil-soluble
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at temperatures of 15-25 C, cocoa butter is (solid/liquid)
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solid
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at 30-35 C, cocoa butter is (solid/liquid)
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liquid - oil
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T/F cocoa butter must be refrigerated in warm climates
|
true
|
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do not heat cocoa butter above ________ C
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35 C - will form metastable structure to melts in the 25-30 range
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MP of beta crystal of cocoa butter
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34-36C
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MP of beta' crystal of cocoa butter
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27C
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MP of alpha crystal of cocoa butter
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22C
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MP of gamma crystal of cocoa butter
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18C
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T/F synthetic triglycerides do not exhibit polymorphism
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true
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2 types of oil-soluble bases for suppositories
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cocoa butter and synthetic triglycerides
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name 2 water soluble bases for suppositories
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glycerinated gelatin and PEG polymers
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glycerinated gelatin is composed of _______% glycerin, 20% gelatin and 10% water
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70% glycerin
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type of suppository base that may exert osmotic effect and defecation reflex
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glycerinated gelatin
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type of suppository base that is incompatible with silver salts, tannic acid, aminopyrine, quinine, aspirin, indomethacin, sulfonamides, and benzocaine
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PEG polymers
|
|
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T/F PEG polymer based suppositories can be stored in polystyrene vials
|
FALSE - must use glass
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release of an oil-soluble drug from an oily base will be (slow/rapid/moderate)
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slow
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release of a water-soluble drug from an oily base will be (slow/moderate/rapid)
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rapid
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release of a oil-soluble drug from a water-soluble base will be (slow/moderate/rapid)
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moderate
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release of a water-soluble drug from a water-soluble base will be (slow/moderate/rapid)
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moderated, base on diffusion
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3 methods of suppository preparation
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rolled, compression-molded (fused), and fusion or melt molding
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most common way of suppository preparation
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fusion/melt molding
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density factor = (weight of ______) / (weight of ________)
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(weight of DRUG) / (weight of BASE DISPLACED)
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uses for topical drug delivery?
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hydration, protection, systemic effect, local effects
|
|
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types of topical drugs
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liquids, gels, poweders, ointments, aerosols, tapes, plasters
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|
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example of a liniment
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Sloans embrocation - methyl salicylate
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example of lotion
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Histamed - mepyramine maleate
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example of a paint
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Pyralvex - extract rhei, salicylic acid
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example of gel
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Indocid - indomethacin
Voltaren emugel - diclofenac sodium |
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example of powder
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Cicatren - neomycin sulfate
Mycota powder - zinc undecanoate |
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example of aerosol
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Solarcaine spray - benzocaine
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model of oral dosage performance:
dosage form --> drug in solution --> gut wall --> ________--> site of activity --> ____________ |
BLOOD, THERAPEUTIC EFFECT
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|
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model of topical dosage form performance:
dosage form --> drug i skin --> site of activity --> _________--> _________ |
THERAPEUTIC effect, BLOOD
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T/F skin is a homogenous slab of tissue
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false
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skin makes up ____ % of body weight
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16%
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avg. square inch of skin holds ______ sweat glands
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650 sweat glands
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avg. square inch of skin holds ________ blood vessels
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20 blood vessels
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avg. square inch of skin holds ___________ melanocytes
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60,000 melanocytes
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name some skin functions
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protective barrier, homeostasis, sensory, secretory, excretory
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number of layers of epidermis in thin skin
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4 layers
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thickness of epidermis in thin skin
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75-150 mircometers
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thickness of epidermis in thick skin
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400-600 micrometers
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blood vessels in epidermis?
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No
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functions of epiermis?
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mechanical protection, prevent fluid loss, keep microrganisms from invading body
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surface --> s. corneum --> _____ --> s. granulosum --> _______ --> s. germinativum
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s. lucidum, s. spinosum
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epidermal layer 15-20 layers thick in thick skin
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s. corneum
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first line of defense of the body
(layer of epidermis) |
s. corneum
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layer of epidermis not found in all species
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s. lucidum
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layer of epidermis with 3-5 layers of polygonal cells with central nuclei and many basophilic granules
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s. granulosum
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layer of epidermis in which cytoplasm has many keratin filaments
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s. spinosum
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layer of epidermis with mitotic, epidermal stem cells
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s. germinativum
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functions of epidermal ridges (2)
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fingerprints, improve gripping ability
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where langerhans cells are found
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s. spinosum
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where merkel cells are found
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s. germinativum
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color of skin is due to...
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melanin, carotene
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melanin is produced by melanocytes in ...
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s. basale
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epidermal cells synthesize ________ when exposed to UV
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vit D3 - cholecalciferol
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connective tissue support for epidermis
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dermis
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|
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contains nerves, skin appendages, and lymphatic blood vessels
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dermis
|
|
|
SQ layer of the skin made of adipose connective tissue
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hyperdermis
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|
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contains 50% of body fat which serves as padding and insulation for body
|
hyperdermis
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camoflage would be for what interfacial boundary?
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surface
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|
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antiperspirant effects what interfacial boundary
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appendages
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"shield exposed skin surface from harmful stimuli"
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protectives
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"absorb mositure from skin and local wounds, to discourage bacterial growth"
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absorbents
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|
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"alleviate irritation of mucous membranes"
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demulcents
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"fat or oily substances used to increase moisutre content of skin membranes"
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emollients
|
|
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"coagulates blood, help wounds and cuts heal quickly"
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astringents
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|
|
"increase skin temperature by increasing circulation at the surface"
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rubefacients
|
|
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"destroy skin at the applied site"
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caustics
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|
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"cause peeling of skin, useful in treatment of eczema, acne"
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keratolytics
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|
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drug permeation across skin is very (fast/slow)
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slow
|
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most common routes for topical agents to permeate the skin
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transepidermal and transappendageal
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other possible routes of solute transport through epidermis
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intracellular, transcellular
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type of ointment base that does not absorb well
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hydrocarbon/oleaginous base
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type of ointment base that is greasy, insoluble in water, not water washable, emollient, and occlusive
|
hydrocarbon
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example of commercial hydrocarbon base
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vasoline/petrolatum
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vasoline discovered by...
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Robert Chesebrough in 1859
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aka simple ointment
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yellow ointment
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95% petrolatum + 5% yellow wax
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yellow ointment
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obtained from honeycomb of the bee
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yellow wax
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example of single phase absorption base
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Aquaphor
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examples of two phase absorption bases
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lanolin, eucerin, cold cream
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|
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lanolin can absorb up to ____ % of water
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30%
|
|
|
obtained from sheep wool
|
lanolin
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type of ointment base that is anhydrous, emollient, greasy, occlusive, insoluble in water, not water washable
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absorption bases
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type of ointment base that is water washable, emollient, non-occlusive, non-greasy
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emulsion base
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type of ointment base most preferred by patients
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water-miscible bases
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water soluble, water washable, non-occlusive, non-greasy ointment bases
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water-miscible bases
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|
|
examples of water miscible ointment base
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PEG ointment, glycerol monostearate, cellulose derivatives, carbopol 934
|
|
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in general, ointment bases are classified according to ______
|
their interaction with water
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3 methods of preparation of ointments
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incorporation/levigating, fusion, electric mortar and pestle/ointment mill
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between ________ g of an ointment may be lost in compounding process
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2-4g
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to make an excess of the ointment to compensate, generally add 10% or ___ g the prescribed amount
|
3g
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T/F the final product of levigation should be free of gritty feel and should slip
|
true
|
|
|
most useful technique for altering ointment
|
levigation
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|
|
pit falls of levigation?
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gritty feel, poor uniformity
|
|
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some levigating agents
|
mineral oil and glycerin (main agents), PEG 400, cottonseed oil, castor oil, some surfactants (Tween 80)
|
|
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the incorporation of wax and hard bodies into soft oleaginous materials
|
fusion
|
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T/F you should use a water bath or special low temperature hotplate when compounding ontments
|
true
|
|
|
most ingredients will liquify around _____ C
|
70 C
|
|
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T/F when filling an ointment jar, you should rotate while filling to remove any air pockets and give a professional look on top so the ointment doesnt stick to the lid
|
true
|
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ointments should be stored at ________, away from children, and away from heat and direct sunlight
|
room temperature
|
|
|
T/F all ointments need preservatives
|
FALSE - only ointments with water need preservatives
|
|
|
P-hydroxybenzoates, phenols, benzoic acid, quaternary ammonium salts, organic mercury compounds are...
|
chemical antimicrobial preservatives
|
|
|
DMSO, urea, citric acids are...
|
absorption enhancers
|
|
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glycerin, propylene glycol, and ethanol are...
|
co-solvents
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"opaque solids, or thick liquids intended for external application"
|
creams
|
|
|
creams are _____ emulsions
|
O/W
|
|
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T/F creams have a higher water content than ointments
|
true
|
|
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T/F product is considered a cream if less than 50% of the vehicle is hydrocarbons
|
true
|
|
|
most acceptable topical dosage form
|
creams
|
|
|
contain a larger proportion of solid materials than ointments and are stiffer
|
pastes
|
|
|
example of paste
|
zinc oxide paste
|
|
|
examples of powders
|
talc, cornstarch, zinc oxide, zinc stearate, antifungals, baby poweder
|
|
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T/F powders can promote drying and reduce friction
|
true
|
|
|
gel viscosity is caused by _____
|
interlacing 3D network of particles
|
|
|
"if the gel mass consists of a network of small INorganic discrete particles"
|
two-phase gel system
|
|
|
"if the gel mass consists of a netowrk of large ORGANIC particles
|
single-phase gel system
|
|
|
example of two-phase gel system
|
aluminum hydroxide
|
|
|
example of single phase gel system
|
carbomer
|
|
|
T/F hydrogels can be inorganic, organic, and natural and synthetic gums
|
true
|
|
|
T/F organogels can be hydrocarbon type, soap base, and hydrophilic organogels
|
true
|
|
|
example of hydrophilic organogel
|
carbowax bases
|
|
|
example of soap base organogel
|
aluminum stearate
|
|
|
example of hydrocarbon organogel
|
mineral oil, PEG
|
|
|
example of inorganic hydrogel
|
silica, bentonite, aluminum
|
|
|
example of natural and synthetic gum hydrogels
|
pectin, sodium alginate
|
|
|
example of organic hydrogel
|
methylcellulose
|
|
|
T/F gels have a cooling effect
|
true
|
|
|
disadvantage of gel
|
bacterial/mold growth
|
|
|
"soaking up a liquid without a marked increase in volume"
|
imbibition
|
|
|
"soaking up a liquid with an increase in volume"
|
swelling
|
|
|
"gel exudes fluid causing shrinkage, water comes out of pores"
|
syneresis
|
|
|
"viscous during storage but loses consistency and becomes fluid upon shaking"
|
thixotropy
|
|
|
"liquid is removed form a gel, only the framework remains"
|
xerogel
|
|
|
obtained from seaweed, tasteless, odorless, used in food industry
|
alginic acid
|
|
|
swells in water about 200-300 times its own weight
|
alginic acid
|
|
|
gelling agents whose viscosity is pH dependent
|
carbomer (carbopol)
|
|
|
carbomer forms an acidic aqueous solution at pH of ___
|
about 3
|
|
|
what is the maximum amount of electrolytes that can be added to carbomer before a rubbery mass forms?
|
3%
|
|
|
gelling agent with broad food usage
|
cellulose derivatives (CMC)
|
|
|
CMC is stable between pH
|
7-9
|
|
|
T/F CMC is soluble in water at all temperatures
|
true
|
|
|
low viscosity gum that is affected by pH and salts
|
gum arabic (acacia senegal)
|
|
|
gelling agent used in M&Ms and coca-cola
|
gum arabic
|
|
|
made from sap of several species of middle eastern legumes
|
gum tragacanth
|
|
|
protein produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the bones and connective tissues of animals
|
gelatin
|
|
|
mixture of 5% low MW polyethylene and 95% mineral oil
|
Plastibase
|
|
|
Plastibase can be heated up to ______ C without substantial loss of viscosity
|
60 C
|
|
|
poloxamers aka
|
Pluronics
|
|
|
nonionic block of copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxyproplyene flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene
|
poloxamers
|
|
|
T/F many different poloxamers exist that have slightly different properties
|
true - b/c length of polymer blocks can be customized
|
|
|
used in knee implants
|
poloxamers
|
|
|
bentonite magma is a ___-phase system
|
two-phase system
|
|
|
usually forms from weathering of volcanc ash, most often in presence of water
|
bentonite
|
|
|
swells approximately 12X its volume
|
bentonite
|
|
|
most gelling agents require _____ hours to completely hydrate and reach maximum visocsity
|
24-48 hours
|
|
|
gelling agents recommended for oral use
|
carbopol934P, CMC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
|
|
|
poloxamers and methylcellulose are more soluble in (hot/cold/tepid) water
|
cold
|
|
|
gelatin is most soluble in (hot/cold/tepid) water
|
hot
|
|
|
carbomers and alginic acid are more soluble in (hot/cold/tepid)
|
tepid
|
|
|
storage of gels?
|
room temperature or refrigerated
|
|
|
povidone iodine 7.5%, 10% topical solutions are ...
|
antiinfectives
|
|
|
green soap tincture is _____% active constituent
|
65%
|
|
|
green soap tincture is a ....
|
detergent
|
|
|
iodine tincture is _______% active constituent
|
2%
|
|
|
"solid or semisolid spread upon backing for prolonged contact with skin"
|
plasters
|
|
|
example of medicated plaster
|
salicylic acid plaster - corn removal
|
|
|
example of non-medicated plaster
|
band aid
|
|
|
contain pyroxylin
|
collodions
|
|
|
obtained from mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acids on cotton and consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate
|
pyroxylin
|
|
|
cellulose tetranitrate aka
|
cellulose nitrate, collodion wool, soluble gum cotton
|
|
|
used as adhesive to close wounds and hold surgical dressing and topical medications
|
collodions
|
|
|
examples of collodions
|
wart medicine, liquid bandage
|
|
|
part of the ear that contains the auricle
|
outer ear
|
|
|
part of ear that contains the ossicles
|
middle ear
|
|
|
most complex part of the ear
|
inner ear
|
|
|
ear infection common in young children
|
otitis media
|
|
|
"swimmers ear"
|
otitis externa
|
|
|
disease of the inner ear that causes vertigo, tinnitus, temporary loss of hearing, and feeling of pressure or fullness in the ear
|
Meniere's disease
|
|
|
Is there a cure for Meniere's disease?
|
no
|
|
|
if untreated can cause scarring of the tympanic membrane and permanent hearing loss
|
otitis media
|
|
|
infection of the lining of the external auditory canal
|
otitis externa
|
|
|
type of hearing loss that occurs when something prevents sound waves from reaching the receptors in the cochlea
|
conductive hearing loss
|
|
|
type of hearing loss that occurs when the receptors are unable to receive stimuli or transmit nerve impulses
|
sensorineural hearing loss
|
|
|
T/F ear drops produce a systemic effect
|
FALSE - local effect
|
|
|
cerumen aka
|
ear wax
|
|
|
OTC ear wax removal product
|
Debrox
|
|
|
OTC ear wax removal products generally contain ...
|
oil, peroxide solutions, and water
|
|
|
active ingredient in Americaine otic
|
benzocaine
|
|
|
active ingredients in Auralgan otic soln
|
antipyrine, benzocaine
|
|
|
active ingredient in chloromycetin ear drops
|
chloramphenicol
|
|
|
active ingredients in cortisporin otic soln
|
polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, hydrocortisone
|
|
|
for children younger than 3, pull the outer ear outward and _________
|
downward
|
|
|
for children older than 3, pull the outer ear outward and _______
|
upward
|
|
|
ingredients in homeopathic animal ear drops
|
garlic,mullein, calendular
|
|
|
what increases vaginal surface area?
|
microridges and folds
|
|
|
mucous membranes of the vagina and external surface of the cervix are composed of what type of cells
|
epithelial
|
|
|
pH of vagina?
|
4-5
|
|
|
"naturally occuring bacteria that release a number of anti-microbial compounds"
|
lactobacilli
|
|
|
epithelial cells that synthesize anti-microbial molecules that recruit key immune cells
|
natural immune defenses - defensins and cytokines
|
|
|
SA of vagina?
|
approx. 60 cm2
|
|
|
T/F the vagina has a rich blood supply that ensures rapid absorption
|
true
|
|
|
what are more widely used today than vaginal suppositories
|
vaginal tablets
|
|
|
function of Encare?
|
attacks membranes of sperm causing them to be immobilized aka spermicide
|
|
|
NuvaRing contains what 2 hormones
|
ethinyl estradiol and etonogesterel
|
|
|
diameter of NuvaRing?
|
5cm
|
|
|
intrauterine progesterone drug delivery systems release an average of _______ micrograms of progesterone/day for 1 year
|
60 micrograms
|
|
|
local action of intrauterine progesterone drug delivery system?
|
1. inhibt sperm survival 2. prevent nidation
|
|
|
trademark name of dinoprostone vaginal insert
|
Cervidil
|
|
|
cervidil is a ________ vaginal insert
|
prostaglandin
|
|
|
dinoprostone is used to..
|
induce labor
|
|
|
use of Mycelex-7
|
vaginal antifungal
|
|
|
use of ortho-cream
|
spermicide
|
|
|
use of premarin
|
treatment of atrophic vaginitis
|
|
|
hemorrhoids aka
|
piles
|
|
|
"enlarged and engorged blood vessels in or around the anus"
|
hemorrhoids
|
|
|
active ingredient in Anusol HCl ointment
|
hydrocortisone
|
|
|
active ingredient in Tronolane cream
|
Pramoxine HCl
|
|
|
T/F you can use Preparation H on your face
|
false
|
|
|
function of phenylephrine in Preparation H
|
vasoconstrictor
|
|
|
function of witch hazel in Preparation H
|
astringent
|
|
|
active ingredient of Diastat
|
diazepam
|
|
|
pH of Diastat
|
6.5-7.2
|
|
|
enemas work in ________ minutes
|
5 to 10 minutes
|
|
|
used as constrast for a barium enema
|
barium sulfate
|
|
|
draws additional water from the bloodstream into the colon and increases the effectiveness of the enema
|
sodium phosphate solution
|
|
|
T/F the lumen of the esophagus is narrow and coated with mucuous and little water
|
true
|
|
|
lozenges are intended to dissolve (slowly/fast) in the mouth, usually for (local/systemic) effect
|
slowly, local
|
|
|
example of lozenge
|
zinc lozenges, cough drops
|
|
|
example of a troche
|
Mycelex
|
|
|
this type of tablet is designed to be dissolved in liquid prior to ingestion
|
effervescent
|
|
|
example of effervescent tablet
|
alka-seltzer and KCl
|
|
|
effervesence helps mask ____
|
taste
|
|
|
relatively new type of tablet designed to disintegrate in the mouth before swallowing
|
fast-dissolving
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3 methods of formulation/manufacture for fast-dissolving tablets
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lyophilization, direction compression with special disintegrants, and molding
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|
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buccal refers to...
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lining of the cheek
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|
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sublingual (SL) refers to..
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under the tongue
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what is the primary barrier for drug absorption via buccal/SL drug delivery
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epithelium
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|
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T/F the oral epithelium is poorly vascularized
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false - highly vascularized
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function of keratinization
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helps form tough barrier
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|
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which is thicker, buccal or SL
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buccal
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|
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which has greater permeability, buccal or SL
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SL
|
|
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pH of saliva
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7
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what type of drug is best absorbed buccal/SL
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small, lipophilic drugs
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|
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SL or buccal, designed for rapid drug release over short period of time
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SL
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|
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SL or buccal, generally designed for slower drug release over a sustained period of time
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buccal
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example of buccal produt that gives fast relief
|
Actiq - fentanyl lollipops
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t/f drug excipients for buccal/SL should be bland and non-irritating
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true, so you don't increase saliva flow and wash away drug
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|
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molded SL tablets tend to be (harder/softer) than compressed SL tablets
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softer
|
|
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T/F it is okay to leave NTG bottle open
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false
|
|
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the nicotine in Nicorette is bound to a ________ exchange resin
|
cation
|
|
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Nicorette is formulated with a buffer to raise the pH to
|
8.5
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|
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conditions in which topical ophthalmic products would be used?
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glaucoma, infections, inflammation, dry eyes
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|
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conditions in which injectible ophthalmic products would be used
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for faster and higher ocular drug levels
|
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the outermost layer of the eye wall includes what features
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conjunctiva/sclera and cornea
|
|
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the middle layer of the eye wall includes what features
|
uveal tract (choroid, ciliary body, iris)
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the innermost layer of the eye wall contains what feature
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retina
|
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aka aqueous humor
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anterior segment
|
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aka vitreous humor
|
posterior segment
|
|
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approximate volume of the anterior chamber
|
250 microliters
|
|
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the aqueous humor exits to systemic circulation via
|
canal of schlemm
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gland responsible for tear production
|
lacrimal gland
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|
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small openings to the lacrimal canaliculi
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puncta
|
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drainage system for the lacrimal fluid
|
nasolacrimal aparatus
|
|
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complex, optically transparent tissue, and is covered by a tear film
|
cornea
|
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layer of tear film involved in adhesion of the aqueous tear fluid
|
mucoid layer
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layer of the tear film that contains aqueous solutions of inorganic electrolytes, proteins, and glucose
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tear fluid
|
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layer of tear film that contains a layer of wax and cholesterol esters adsorbed to the tear fluid
|
lipid film
|
|
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main barrier for drug passage through the cornea
|
epithelium
|
|
|
about 60 thin lamella, each composed of collagen fibers, is mostly water, barrier for lipophilic drugs
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stroma
|
|
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single cell layer that provides metabolic exchange between the cornea and the aqueous humor
|
endothelium
|
|
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normally, less than ___% of the dose will cross the cornea
|
5%
|
|
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normal tear volume
|
7 microliters
|
|
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range of eyedrop volume
|
25 to 56 microliters with 39 being average
|
|
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some lipophilic drugs can bind to _____ in the iris
|
melanin
|
|
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T/F conjunctiva is more permeable than the cornea and covers a much greater SA
|
true
|
|
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over __% of ophthalmically instilled dose can be systemically absorbed
|
50%
|
|
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important organism to be worried about in ophthalmic preparations
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
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antimicrobial preservatives in ophthalmics
|
BAC, polyquad, thimerosal, cholorbutanol, Oxidants
|
|
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T/F tears have a very limited buffer capacity
|
true
|
|
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pH of tears
|
7 - 7.4
|
|
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normal osmolarity of tears
|
302-318 mOsm/kg
|
|
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most common tonicity modifier for eyedrops
|
NaCl, but also mannitol and dextrose
|
|
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T/F increased visocosity of eye drops can increase bioavailability
|
true
|
|
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function of sodium metabisulfites in eye drops?
|
antioxidant
|
|
|
function of EDTA in eye drops other than chelator
|
increase activity of BAC against pseudomonas
|
|
|
main advantage of ophthalmic ointments
|
prolonged contact time
|
|
|
main disadvantage of ophthalmic ointments
|
can cause blurred vision and matting of the eyelid
|
|
|
usual ointment base for ophthalmics
|
white petrolatum with or without mineral oil
|
|
|
standard opthalmic ointment tube size
|
3.5g
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