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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electronegativity increase as you go ___ and ____ across the periodic table
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right up
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Higher forces give a ____ MP
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higher
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Unit that measures dipoles
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Debye unit
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What force is the only attraction in nonpolar molecules
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London Dispersion
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Keesom forces
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dipole-dipole
1-7 kcal/mol hydrogen bonds |
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1 debye forces
2 amount 3 ex |
1 dipole-induced dipole
2 1-3 kcal/mol 3 ex. ethylacetate, ether |
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london forces
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induced dipole-induced dipole
0.5-1 kcal/mol non-polar molecules |
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weakest bonds
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london dispersion
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Increase MW, solubility _____
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goes down
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3 types of van der waal forces
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1. dipole-dipole
2. dipole-induced dipole 3. induced dipole-induced dipole |
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dipole-dipole forces _____ when atoms are closer
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increase (ex. Hydrogen is strong)
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MW goes up and London forces____
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go up
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why does methanol have a lower BP than water?
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Because water has hydrogen bonding
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if a molecules has no intramolecular H bonding it has ____ forces with other molecules
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strong
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Intramolecular H bonding will mean a molecules has ____ forces with other molecules
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weaker
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Intramolecular H bonding in a molecule means that it will always have what other kind of bonding?
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intermolecular bonding with other molecules
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different forms of crystals
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polymorphic
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In most drugs the one with the ____ MP is the most chemically stable
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highest
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entantiotrophic
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polymophic and can change to a form and then go back to the original form
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monotropic
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can change forms but can't go back to original form
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___ common habits of crystalline structures
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6: cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal,rhombic, monoclinic, triclinic
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how do we know what structure a crystal will take?
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know by experiment
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Isotropic
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Each side behaves the same
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Anistropic
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Each face is different and can behave differently
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amorphous
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doesn't depend on side or middle, all is the same
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crystals are only found in ___ form
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solid
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HIV drug was changing to a worse form of the drug, how was this solved in the short term?
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given in IV
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MW goes up, BP___
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goes up because of London dispersion forces
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What do you treat HF poisoning with?
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Calcium
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MP has a ____ for amorphous compounds
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range
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Higher interactions between molecules lead to a ____ MP
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higher
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what from of threobroma oil (cocoa butter) is the most stable form? It should be stored where?
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beta
in the fridge |
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computer tech area of interest is in ____
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crystal faces
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_____ compounds are used in sustained release
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polymeric
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polymeric compounds
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mixture of crystalline and amorphous compounds
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RI
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refractive index
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amorphous is usually ____ soluble than crystalline
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more
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Why are crystalline structures less soluble than amorphous structures?
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crystalline bonds have energy that has to be broken
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Glass is an example of a ___ compound
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amorphous
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What forms of cocoa butter do you not want?
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alpha or gamma
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____ compounds have tight MP ranges
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crystallines
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____ compounds have broad MP ranges
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amorphic
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What happens if you heat theobroma until it is completely liquified at 35 degrees Celsius?
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the beta form is destroyed and the mass will not re-crystallize until cooled to 15 degrees, crystals are unstable and the suppository will melt at 24 degrees Celsius. If prepared below 35 degrees C, solid will melt at 34 degrees C.
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Vapor pressure
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tendency of molecules to escape
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solid going to gas
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sublimation
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higher VP=____ BP
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lower
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pressure exerted by the vapor in the flask at equilibrium is called the ____
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equilibrium vapor pressure or just vapor pressure
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Vapor pressure depends on intermolecular attractions T/F
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true
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Molecules of substances with ___ intermolecular attractions vaporize more easily
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weak
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at a given temp, the substance with the ____ intermolecular forces has the highest vapor pressure
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weakest
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eutectic point
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lowest MP of mixture that is the ratio with the highest reduction possible
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Liquid to Gas
MW ___ IM up Hv up Bp up VP down |
up
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Liquid to Gas
Mw up Im ___ Hv up BP up VP down |
up
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Liquid to Gas
Mw up Im up Hv ___ Bp up Vp down |
up
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Liquid to Gas
Mw up Im up Hv up BP ___ Vp down |
up
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Liquid to Gas
Mw up Im up Hv up Bp up VP ___ |
down
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Solid to Liquid
Mw ___ Im up Hf up MP up |
up
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Solid to Liquid
Mw up Im ___ Hf up MP up |
up
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Solid to Liquid
Mw up Im up Hf ____ |
up
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Solid to Liquid
Mw up Im up Hf up MP____ |
up
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eutectic mixture
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you mix two specific solid compounds and have a mutual reduction in MP
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Possibility for eutectic mixtures
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phenol, camphon, menthol, salicyclic acid
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hv stands for
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heat of evaporation
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EMLA stands for
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eutectic mixture local anasthetic
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EMLA anesthetic is a mixture of ___ and ____
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lidocaine and prilocaine
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it takes 15-30 minutes to numb area with ____
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lidocaine
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it takes 5-10 minutes to numb area with _____
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prilocaine/lidocaine mixture
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As MW increases, BP ____
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increases
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Most drug molecules are made into ____
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salts
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Ionic bonding in a salt ____ MP of that salt
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raises
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Hydrogen bonding increases, MP ____
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goes up
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IF MW goes up, MP ___
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goes up
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As SA increases, BP ___
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increases
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if SA decreases, BP ____
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decreases
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Which is easier to line up in a crystal lattice, meta or para?
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para (the one with no kink)
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Crystal structure affects BP (T/F)
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False, no crystals in liquid
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MP of benzene and cyclohexane are similar (T/F). Why?
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True because the molecules do not have projected side groups and therefore are easy to form crystals.
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MP of benzene and toluene are similar (T/F). Why?
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False because toluene has a methyl group attached to the benzene ring and this disrupts the crystal formation.
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methylcyclohexane and cyclohexane have similar BP's (T/F)
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True because crystal structure does not affect the transformation from a liquid to a gas.
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Is BP higher in cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane? Why?
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Methylcyclohexane because MW has gone up
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Nitroglycerin evaporates easily, to slow this you must:
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1. decrease dead space
2. decrease VP 3. Other |
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Why is a nitroglycerin bottle small?
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decrease dead space
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Why is a nitroglycerin bottle dark?
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it is photosensitive
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Nitroglycerin comes in ____ form but it is easy for it to becomes a ____
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liquid, gas
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Mix nitroglycerin with propylene polyethylene glycol to do what?
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prevent gas loss and decrease vapor pressure
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Cotton is found in nitroglycerin bottles (T/F)
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false because it turns yellow
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solubility
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how much we can get into solution
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dissolution
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how fast something dissolves
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dissolution must have what 3 things?
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1. solute molecules come apart
2. water molecules comes apart 3. interactions of solute and water must form greater E than when they are separate |
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S is thermodynamic (T/F)
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True, it is not kinetic
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What has a greater BP, tert butyl alcohol or butyl alcohol?
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butyl alcohol because SA is greater
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miscible
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soluble in all ratios
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Syrup adds ___while an elixir adds ____
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sugar, alcohol
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Problems with liquid drugs
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1. Taste
2. Dosing is less precise 3. Bulkier to carry |
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Volume is dependent on temperature (T/F)
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true
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Mass is dependent on temperature (T/F)
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False
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pi = imRT
used to calculate what? what does each variable stand for? |
osmotic pressure
pi=osmotic pressure R=gas constant T=temperature i=# of particles in soln m=molality but we will use Molarity instead |
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delta T = iKfm
used to calculate what? What does each variable stand for? |
freezing pt depression
delta t=freezing point i=#particles in soln Kf=freezing point m=molality be we will use molarity |
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mEq is a ___ term
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mass
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mEq can on be used for ____ compounds
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ionized
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.9% is equal to ___g/ ___mL
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.9 g /100 mL
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solid to a solute
solute to a solid |
dissolution
precipitate |
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isotonic and isomotic are equivalent (t/f)
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false
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Molecules that can diffuse are ____ but ____ (ex. urea glycerin, ethanol)
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isoosmolar, NOT isotonic
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If membrane is not a barrier to a molecule it doesn't add to _____
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tonicity
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For eye drops you want to use a ____compound so it is not freely crossing the membrane
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isotonic
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Usually if temp goes up, solublility____
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increases
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solublity is defined at a particular _____
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temperature
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adding a solute that gives a ____ reaction will add heat to the solution
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exothermic
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adding a solute that gives a ____ reaction will take heat away from a solution
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endothermic
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put in order for most soluble to least soluble
A slightly soluble, B sparingly soluble, C very soluble, D practically insoluble, E soluble,F freely soluble, G very slightly soluble |
C very soluble
F freely soluble E soluble B sparingly soluble A slightly soluble G very slightly soluble D practically insoluble |
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organization of scientists for drugs
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USP
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if you inject through an IV a drug soln with 10% ethanol/water, what two things can happen?
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1. water dilutes to ~0.1 %, etc
2. drug precipitates |
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How does the body limit precipitation of an IV drug?
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by having a large volume of water
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An IV drug is more likely to precipitate in the blood or muscle?
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muscle
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methycellulose solutions are used in laxatives, why are they stored in the fridge?
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they precipitate out in warm temperatures, it is an exothermic reaction
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what solvent has the highest dielectric point?
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water
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solubility goes up as temperature goes up in a ____ reaction
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endothermic
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solubility goes up as temperature goes down in a ____ reaction
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exothermic
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high dielectric point dissolve ___ compounds easily
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ionized
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____ goes with ability to separate charges
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dielectric constant
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solubility of hydrophobic molecules increase when dielectric constant ____
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goes down
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adding heteroatoms to benzene ___ solubility
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increases
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solvent can have dipole moments (t/f)
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true
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some ionized compounds have almost no water solubility (t/f)
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true
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example of complexation
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cyclodextrin
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what are elixirs for?
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increase solubility of hydrophobic drug by adding a cosolvent such as ethanol to water
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ether is not miscible in water (t/f)
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true
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It is possible to change the dielectric constant to dissolve a drug (t/f)
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true
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there are many types of cosolvents for drugs (t/f)
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false
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total solubility is equal to ____
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intrinsic solubility (unionized, independent of pH) plus solubility of the unionized drug (depends on pH, dielectric constant)
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In this class we assume that water solubility goes up if drug is ionized (t/f)
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true
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how does cyclodextrin work?
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it hides drug in a polar complex to increase water solublility
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adding alcohol increases solubility by changing the _____
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pH
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MW increases, solubility in water ____
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decreases
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For many organic molecules, high melting points means ____ water solubility
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low
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___ isomer is more soluble than ___ isomer. Why?
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cis, trans
cis has intramolecular hydrogen bonding |
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increasing unsaturation ____ solubility in polar solvents
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increases
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anhydrous solutes are ____ soluble than the hydrates. why?
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more
hydrate crystal is more stable, therefore it is less soluble |
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1 weak acids given will be what?
2 weak bases given will be? 3 if this is given it is neither and pH will not change solubility |
1. carboxylic acids, phenol
2. amines 3. imides |
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total solubility is function of ____ solubility
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intrinsic
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solublity is equal to the ____rate/____rate
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dissolution rate/precipitation rate
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particle size affects solubility (t/f)
|
true
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weak acids are more soluble at ___ pH's
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higher
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weak bases are more soluble at ___ pH's
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lower
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solubility increases with ionization (t/f)
|
true
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what pH would a 1% lidociane HCl solution become cloudy?
1. So uses which MW? 2. St uses which MW? |
1. lidocaine
2. lidocaine HCL |
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if you see a strong base, which equation do you expect to use?
|
weak acid
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if you see a strong acid, which equation do you expect to use?
|
weak base
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solution for increasing solubility of drugs that have naturally bad solublility
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use nanosize drugs
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nanosize is ____nm
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less than 1
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As you increase ethanol, solubility of ___ goes down
|
strong electrolytes
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For weak electrolytes, how does change in dielectric point affect solubility?
|
1. for unionized form, decreasing dielectric point increases solubililty
2. for ionized form, decreasing dielectric point decreases solubility |
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for a weak acid or weak base, if you change the dielectric point you will change the _____
|
ka
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weak acids and weak bases become harder to ionize as you ___ the dielectric constant
|
decrease
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adding ethanol to phenobarbital (a weak acid) will increase the ____
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intrinsic solubility
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Weak Acid
___alcohol, up pka, up So, down ka, down pHp, up solublility |
up
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Weak Acid
up alcohol, ___ pka, up So, down ka, down pHp, up solublility |
up
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Weak Acid
up alcohol, up pka, ___ So, down ka, down pHp, up solublility |
up
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Weak Acid
up alcohol, up pka, up So, ___ ka, down pHp, up solublility |
down
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Weak Acid
up alcohol, up pka, up So, down ka, ___ pHp, up solublility |
down
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Weak Acid
up alcohol, up pka, up So, down ka, down pHp, ___ solublility |
up
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Weak Base
___ alcohol, down pka, up So, up ka, up pHp, up solublility |
up
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Weak Base
up alcohol, ___ pka, up So, up ka, up pHp, up solublility |
down
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Weak Base
up alcohol, down pka, __ So, up ka, up pHp, up solublility |
up
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Weak Base
up alcohol, down pka, up So, __ ka, up pHp, up solublility |
up
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Unionized forms go through the membrane (t/f)
|
true
|
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If K ___0 it has no solublilty in the organic layer
|
>
|
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shake particles in octanol/water mixture and you look at the value of K. If K is equal to 1 you have_____. If K is less than 1 you have more_____. If K is greater than 1 you have more____.
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the same amount in water and ethanol.
More in water. More in ethanol. |
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Weak electrolyte as solutes
|
where the pH is different from the pka by at least 2 units of the uncharged molecule.
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K is usually changed to a ___scale
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log
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As a molecule becomes more ionized, partition coefficient will _____
|
decrease
|
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solubility and partition coefficient have a ____ relationship
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inverse
|
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weak acids have____ partition coefficients as pH increaes
|
lower
|
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weak acids have____ partition coefficients as pH decreases
|
higher
|
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weak bases have____ partition coefficients as pH increaes
|
higher
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weak bases have____ partition coefficients as pH decreases
|
lower
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imides have____ partition coefficients as pH decreases
|
the same
|
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oral formulations use ____ to stop bacterial growth
|
preservatives
|
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emulsion
|
oil in water mixture
|
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unionized form of drugs ____ in emulsions
|
partition into oil droplets
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Which drugs will accumulate more in breast milk?
|
bases because they will be charged and will be locked in
|
|
|
pH of GI
Urine sweat human milk rectal cavity |
GI 2-7.8
Urine 5-7 sweat 5-7 human milk 6.6 rectal cavity 7.8 |
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thermodynamics tell about____, ____, and can be _____
|
free energy, equilibrium, reversible
|
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Brownian Movement
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small solutes spread out so they don't hit each other
|
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convection
|
transported by a liquid or a gas
|
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driving force for Brownian movement and convection
|
concentration gradient or chemical potential
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ionic compounds will be impacted by the electrical potential of the membrane (t/f). this potiential is (+,-)?
|
true
- |
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two ways a molecule can diffuse
|
transcellular
paracellular (convection) |
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Are more drugs transported trancellularly or paracellularly?
|
transcellularly
|
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|
Example of facilitated transport
|
ABS B12
|
|
|
2 Examples of natural facilitated diffusion
|
1 ABS drugs
2 transfer through skin |
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what is the SA of when we use fick's law?
|
SA of the membrane
|
|
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D in Fick's Law is particular for a particular drug (t/f)
|
true
|
|
|
Why is there a negative sign in Fick's Law?
|
Because you go from high to low numbers and the (-) will give you a positive number
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SA goes up, Flux_____
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goes up
|
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The greater the concentration gradient, the ____ the flux
|
greater
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As the membrane thickness increases, flux ____
|
decreases
|
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For efficient transport through a membrane, K must be ____ 1
|
greater than or equal to
|
|
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What is a permeability coefficient?
|
It combines terms from Fick's Law: membrane thickness and partition coefficient that are used to determine (dM/dt) and diffusion concentration (D)
|
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Sink conditions
|
there will not be a reverse in flow of a solute because the solute will be washed away so products will not accumulate
|
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Condition when Cr is close to 0
|
sink condition
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thicker membranes have greater ____
|
lag times
|
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lag time
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a delay in effects while the drug is saturating the membrane
|
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burst effect
|
rapid release of a drug that comes when the drug molecules are nearer to the outside of a polymer than what is ideal
|
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|
what causes the burst effect?
|
drugs that have been stored for a long time results in the rate controlling membrane being presaturated with drug
|
|
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Amine with permanent (+) charge. Where in GI will this be absorbed?
|
Nowhere because it is permanently charged
|
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most drugs are absorbed in the ___
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small intestines
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the pH of the large intestines is ___than that of the small intestines
|
lower
|
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Which part of the GI tract has the largest SA? Why?
|
small intestines, microvilli
|
|
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what part of the small intestines has active carriers?
|
duodenum
|
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hydrophilic drugs have to go through ___ of membranes
|
pores
|
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drugs use same transporters as food (t/f)
|
true
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food changes the pH of the stomach (t/f)
|
true, HCl is made and pH decreases
|
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for extended release drugs, absorption should be in all of GI tract (t/f)
|
true
|
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how does the enteric coating work on a drug?
|
the enteric coat will not dissolve in low pH so it passes through the stomach and is degraded in the small intestine where the pH is higher
|
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___ has an enteric coat
|
aspirin
|
|
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Many drugs are designed to stay in the stomach for longer than usual (t/f)
|
false, only a few
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Unionized forms are only form that are absorbed (t/f)
|
false
|
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equilibrium distribution of unionized drug is assumed (t/f)
|
true
|
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A drug can't go through the membrane until it is in solution (t/f)
|
true
|
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food increases viscosity and therefore decreases diffusion of a drug (t/f)
|
true
|
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motility decreases agitation and therefore decreases diffusion layer (t/f)
|
false, increases agitation
|
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absorption of drugs causes a decrease in the bulk concentration (t/f)
|
true
|
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volume of fluid increases the bulk concentration of a drug (t/f)
|
false, decreases the bulk concentration
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dissolution is improved due to:
1. ___ effect in diffuse layer 2.____ of aggregation 3. good ____ 4. possible formation of metastable _____ form 5. Increased _______ |
1. solubilization
2. absense 3. wetability 4.polymorphic 5. surface area |
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weak acids dissolve faster in ____ pH
|
alkaline
|
|
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Why are weak acids formulated as alkali salts?
|
because weak acids take a long time to go into solution
|
