Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Solution
|
Liquid preperations that contain one or more soluble substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of miscible solvents
|
|
Define Syrup
|
Concentrated aqueous solutions that contain sugar or sugar substites
|
|
Define Elixer
|
Clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use
|
|
Define Spirit
|
alcoholic solutions of aromatic or volatile materials
|
|
Define Fluid Extracts
|
liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent. High alcohol content and more potent than tinctures
|
|
Define Aromatic Waters
|
Saturated aqueous solutions of aromatic or volatile materials.
|
|
Define Tinctures
|
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances
|
|
Define Suspensions
|
Multi-phase systems that contain finely divided particles distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle
|
|
Define Emulsions
|
A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible
|
|
Define Microemulsions
|
Consist of large or "swollen" micelles containing the interal phase.
|
|
Define Gels
|
Semisolid systems of dispersions made up of either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules and interpenetrated by a liquid
|
|
Define Magmas
|
Suspensions of inorganic acids such as clays in water, leads to a gel like consistency
|
|
Define Milks
|
Suspensions in aqeuous vehicles intended for oral administration
|
|
What are the three allowed methods of preparing Purified Water, USP
|
Distillation, Ion exchange, reverse osmosis
|
|
What are five other vehicles of oral liquid dosage forms (excluding purified water)
|
Ethanol alcohol (solvent)
Glycerin (preservative) Propylene Glycol (substitute for glycerin) Sorbitol (preservative, laxative) Edible Oils (solvent, laxative) |
|
Why do vehicles that act as an osmotic laxative pose a problem?
|
Not a function you may want the vehicle to perform
|
|
Liquid Dosage Forms
Advantages 4 & Disadvantages 5 |
Advantages
Flexibility Ease of Administration Fast absoption in GIT Homogenous Disadvantages bulky taste stability of drug solubility of certain drugs accuracy of dose |
|
Why may preservatives be neccesary in sryups and at what conc are they self preserving.
|
Low concentrations of sucrose may enhance microbial growth. 65% sucrose acts as a preservative
|
|
How much alcohol must be present in a sryup for it to be a preservative
|
15-20%
|
|
When cant heat be used when preparing sryups
|
Heat cant be used if the ingrediant is thermolabile or volatile
|
|
(3) Disadvantages of Elixers
|
Alcohol
If patient is taking Antibuse Causes drowsiness |
|
What is the difference between Laudanum and Paregoric?
|
Laudanum = opium tincture (1g/100ml morphine)
Paragoric = camphorated opium tincture (40mg /100mL morphine) |
|
What is extraction by maceration?
|
A communitued drug is extracted of its soluble constituted by SOAKING it in a suitable solvent until cellular structure is softened.
|
|
What is a Newtonian system?
|
material with flow properties that can be explained by Newtons law of flow
|
|
What is a non-Newtonian system
|
materials with flow properties that cannot be explained by Newtons Law of flow
|
|
What are three examples of non-Newtonian systems. And what kind of liquid dosage form belongs to each
|
Plastic Systems (concentrated focculated suspensions)
Pseudo plastic systems (emulsions) Dilatant Systems (cibcebtrated defloculated suspensions, Zinc oxide paste) |
|
Why do flocculated particles in concentrated suspensions exhibit plastic flow?
|
These particles do not flor until a certain minimum shearing strees is achieved
|
|
Why do polymers in solution exhibit pseudoplastic flow
|
Shear stress decreases viscosity, as you shake harder the liquid will become less viscous
|
|
How does processing of dilatant materials lead to equiptment damage?
|
The viscosity of the liquid increases with increaseing shear stress, the more you stir the more viscous it becomes
|
|
Define Thixotrophy
|
a phenomena explaining that when at rest, the liquid has high viscosity, when shearing stress is applied to the material and then removed, the material will have a relatively higher flowability
|
|
Why is wetting of solids a potential problem?
|
Dissolution problems, wont be absorb by GIT, too much will protect drug from GIT
|
|
What is the contact angle of a completely wetted powder
|
contact angle = 0 degrees
|
|
Define particle aggregation
|
small particles are attracted to each other to form larger heavier particles that tend to fall out of suspension
|
|
How can particle aggregation be prevented? (4 ways)
|
By development of a surface charge. (Ionization of surface groups, preferential adsorption of electrolytes, adsorption of charged surfactant molecues from the solution, addition of flocculating agents)
|
|
Define interfacial tension
|
Tension between two immiscible liquids. Each liquid prefers to stay with the other molecules of that liquid.
|
|
Anionic surfactants
|
hydrophillic portion contains a negative charge, oral toxicity
|
|
Cationic surfactants
|
cation itself provided the emulsifying properties
|
|
Amphoteric Surfactant
|
hydrophillic portion possesses both positive and negative charges
|
|
Nonionic surfactants
|
hydrophilic portion possesses no charge
|
|
Naturally occuring compounds (surfactants)
|
derived from plant and animal sources, short shelf life
|
|
What are two examples of naturally occuring surfactants and describe why they are needed in the body
|
Bile salts (digest fats)
Phospholipds (found in alveolar lining, film over cornea) |
|
Common pharmaceutical uses of surfactants (4)
|
Wetting
solubilization Emulsification Antibacterial action |
|
Tweens form what kind of emulsion
|
o/w
|
|
Span form what kind of emulsion
|
w/o
|
|
List good qualities of suspensions 3
|
1 Suspension shoud pour readily and evenly
2 Particle size should be small and constant 3 particles should settle slowly and easily be redispered when shaken |
|
What is the name of the equation that governs sedimentation velocity
|
Stokes Law
|
|
How does a structured vehicle slow down sedimentation of a suspension
|
Avoids formation of cake
|
|
HOw does controlled flocculation improve suspension properties
|
Promotes a degree of interaction between suspended particles that will keep their surfaces apart
|
|
What are three things that can improve controlled flocculation
|
electrolytes, polymers/clays, surfactants
|
|
What are the factors that affect the rheology of an emulsion 4
|
1 viscosity of continous phase
2 phase-volume ratie 3 emulsifier 4 droplet size and size distribution |
|
What are the different types of emusifying agents 3
|
1 Surfactants
2 Hydrophilic colloids 3 Finely divided solid particles |
|
How does the emusifying agent surfactant work
|
It is adsorbed at the oil-water interface to form monomolecular films and reduce interfacial tension
|
|
How does the emusifying agent Hydrophilic colloids work
|
the form multi-moleculat film around the dispersed droplets of oil in an o/w emulsion
|
|
How does the emusifying agent Finely divided solid particles work
|
adsorbed at the interface between the two immiscible liquid phases and form a film of particles around the dispersed globules
|
|
What is the dry gum method of emulsion preperation
|
1 acacia is first dispersed throughout the oil
2 water is added all at once 3 trituration is done at high speed until a snapping sound heard 4 remainder of aqeuous phase added |
|
What is the wet gum method of emulsion preperation
|
1 acacia diserped through 2 parts of water
2 oil added slowely 3 trituarted at high speed and remainder of water added slowly (slow, less reliable than dry gum) |
|
Calcium Soap emulsion (ingrediants & emulsion type)
|
w/o
vegetable oil, Ca(OH)2 |
|
Soft soap emulsion (ingrediants & emulsion type)
|
o/w
salts of fatty acids and a postive ion |
|
What kinds of oils may be emulsified by Forbes method (2). Why cant other oils be used by Forbes method?
|
volatile oils
oils with low viscosities Viscous oils cant be used because they cannot be thouroughly agitated in the bottle and mixed with the emulsifying agent |
|
Creaming (Emulsion instability)
|
seperation of an emulsion into two regions
|
|
Coalescene/Cracking/Breaking (Emulsion instability)
|
ireeversible, filrm of the emulsifying agent surronding the droplets of the oil is broken
|
|
Phase inversion (emuslion instability)
|
protection of emulsions against extremem temps
|
|
Define Liniments
|
Alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended for external applications to the skin with rubbing
|
|
Define Collodions
|
liquid preperations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture composed of alchol and ether with or without added medicinal substances
|
|
Define Ointment
|
semisolid preperations intended for external applixation to skin or mucous membrances
|
|
Define Creams
|
viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions for topical application
|
|
Define Pastes
|
semisolid preperations containing atleast 20% solid
|
|
Define Plasters
|
solid or semisolid adhesive masses spred upon a backing material of paper, fabirc, moleskin or plastic
|
|
Define Glycerogelatins
|
plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, water and an aded medicinal substance
|
|
Define Gels
|
semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous vehicle rendered jelly like through the addition of a gelling agent
|
|
Define Rubifacients
|
agent that causes reddening and warming of the skin (KY WARMING GEL!!)
|
|
Define Counterirritants
|
agent that causes irritation when applied to the skin and is used inorder to relieve more deep-seated pain or discomfort
|
|
Define Emollients
|
soothes and softens the skin
|
|
Define Protectives
|
protects injured or exposed skin surgaces from harmful or annoying stimuli
|
|
Define Humectants
|
decrease the evaporation rate of water from the preperation, especially just after its applied to the skin
|
|
Define Antioxidents
|
delay the rancidfication of selected bases
|
|
What is the difference between a topical and a transdermal dermatological product
|
Transermal:skin is not target organ
Topical: skin is target organ |
|
Why should liniments not be applied to bruised skin?
|
Excessive irriation might result
|
|
What is the function of camphor and castor oil in collodion formulations
|
Castor oil: makes product flexible for ease of use
Camphor: makes the product waterproof |
|
What is the correct semisolid product to apply to moist, weeping, lesions and why
|
creams, because they have a drying effect in fluids that are miscible with their aqeuous external phase
|
|
Why do carbopols gel?
|
WHen a base is added the COOH group becomes ionized and aquires a negative charge, the molecule uncoils and increases the viscosity of teh gel (polymer now takes up more room)
|
|
Oleaginous/hydrocarbon ointment base
|
emollient effect, protect agaist escape of moisture, effective occlusive dressings, (Vasoline)
|
|
Absorption ointment base (two types)
|
anhydrous: doesnt initally contain water, w/o emulsion
w/o emulsion: already contains some water, can add more water, cold cream |
|
water removable ointment base
|
o/w emulsion, easily washed off, able to absorb serous discharges, may be diluted with aqeuous soltions
|
|
water soluble oinment base
|
cannot effectively add large amount of water, they become to soft, does not contain oleaginous components
|
|
What ointment bases allow for inforporation of aqueous material
|
Absorption (anhydrous, w/o), water removable bases
|
|
In what situations are levigating agents unneccesary? 4
|
1. small particle size
2 quantity of solid is small 3 ointment base is soft 4 final product is to be a stiff ointment or paste |
|
Levigating agent mineral oil is compatiable with what 3 bases
|
hydrocarbon/oleaginous base
absorption or emulsifiable base w/o emulsion base |
|
levigating agent PEG 400, glycerin, propylent glycol is compatiable with what 2 bases
|
o/w
water soluble bases |
|
What levigating agent would be used to incorporate coal tar?
|
Tween 80
|
|
What levigating agent would be used to incorporate ichthammol?
|
glycerin, fixed oils, or aquaphor
|
|
what levigating agent would be used to incorporate peruvian balsam
|
castor oil
|
|
what method would be used to incorporate camphor, urea, testosterone into an ointment base
|
dissolution
|
|
Define fusion method and explain when it is primarly used
|
components mixed together by melting and cooled with constant stirring until a uniform preparation has been obtained. Used with heat sensitive and volatle ingrediants
|
|
How are eutectics incorporated into an ointment base
|
ingrediants triturated to for mixture and incorported into a base. levigation may be needed
|
|
Advantages of ointment tubes 4
|
lightweight
inexpensive conventient compatible with most formulative components |
|
Why are pseudomonas aeroginose and staph aureous of particular concern with topical preperations
|
they have a high capacity to infect skin, espeicially in already compromised patients being treated for skin conditions
|