Domain 4: History & Systems Of Psychology

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Contributions of Darwin

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-Origin of Species (1859)
-Showed difference between animals and humans was not as great as once thought

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Contributions of Rene Descartes

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-1st modern philosopher
-Broke with the church
-Father of Rationalism
-"I think therefore I am"
-Bind-body dualism

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Contributions of Auguste Comte

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-Father of Positivism
-Empirical observations and operational definitions

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Contributions of Broca and Wernicke

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-Brain localization

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Contributions of William Wundt

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-First psychology laboratory (dedicated to observable behavior and data) in 1879
-Established psychology within field of scientific research
-Conducted studies on products of higher-order processes (reaction time, sensation, perception, attention)--led to new understanding of sensory perception and information processing

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Contributions of Titchner

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-Wundt's student
-Focused on structuralism

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Contributions of William James

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-American Psychologist
-Philosophy and religion
-Founded Harvard's Department of Psychology

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Contributions of Dewey

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-Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology (1896) (gave rise to Functionalism)
-Developed Laboratory School--played important role in psychology
-Drew distinction between traditional education and "progressive education" (emphasis on experiential education and development of critical thinking)
-Theories had little empirical support, but attention to teaching and learning is important
-We conduct assessment to identify learning needs and teaching strategies for students
-RTI provides differential instruction
-Motivation is important in our field

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Contributions of Mary Calkins

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-Paired associations (repeated exposure of paired items fosters encoding and memory)

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Contributions of H. Ebbinhause

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-Studied memory, memory curve, massed vs. distributed practice, role of over-learning (automaticity)

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Contributions of George Muller

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-Experimental psychologist
-Interference Theory of Forgetting (1900) (new learning can interfere with previously learned material)

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Individuals with contributions in behavioral psychology

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-Darwin
-Thorndike
-Pavlov
-Watson
-Hull
-Skinner

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Contributions of Darwin to Behavioral Psychology

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-Observations from travels in South America led to Theory of Evolution (19th century) and publication of Origin of Species (1859)
-Organisms change and adapt to their environments over time.

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Contributions of Thorndike to Behavioral Psychology

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-Early 1900s
-Animal behavior, puzzle box, conclusions about stimulus-stimulus response learning
-Law of Effect: (1905) Consequences matter, in order for a stimulus-response connection to be formed the response must occur in presence of the stimulus and be followed by reinforcer
-Law of Exercise: Practice works, helped transition Functionalism to Behaviorism, "satisfiers and annoyers"

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Contributions of Pavlov to Behavioral Psychology

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-Trained in psychology and medicine, respondent/classical conditioning
-1890s

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Contributions of Watson to Behavioral Psychology

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-First American behaviorist
-Studies focused on conditioning and contributed to debates concerning nature vs. nurture
-Didn't argue for reward as much as stimulus-response connection

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Contributions of Hull to Behavioral Psychology

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-Developed complex problem-solving theory and recognized that many variables contribute to learning (drive, cue, response, reward)

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Contributions of Skinner to Behavioral Psychology

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-Developed operant conditioning principles and vocabulary (1937)
-Expanded behaviorism to language, experimental analysis of behavior

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Individuals who made contributions to psychoanalysis

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-Freud
-Erikson
-Adler
-Jung

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Contributions of Freud to Psychoanalysis

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-1905
Psychosexual stages influence development

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Contributions of Erikson to Psychoanalysis

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-Psychosocial stages influence development
-Mide 1900's

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Contributions of Adler to Psychoanalysis

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Role of birth order influence development
-1960's

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Contributions of Jung to Psychoanalysis

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Introverted and extroverted personality types (1918)

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Individuals who made contributions to clinical psychology

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-Maslow
-Rogers
-Vygotsky
-Piaget
-Kohlberg

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Contributions of Maslow to clinical psychology

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-Needs hierarchy (1943)
-Highest level = self-actualization

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Contributions of Rogers to clinical psychology

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-Humanistic psychology

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Contributions of Vygotsky to clinical psychology

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Zone of Proximal Development (1978)

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Contributions of Piaget to clinical psychology

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Stages of cognitive development in children (1952)

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Contributions of Kohlberg to clinical psychology

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Moral Development (1983)

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Individuals who made contributions to test development and testing

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-Binet
-Spearman
-Lewis Terman
-David Wechsler

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Contributions of Binet to test development and testing

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First studied cognitive development (1890)

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Contributions of Spearman to test development and testing

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Developed concept of general intelligence (1904)

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Contributions of Lewis Terman to test development and testing

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Had Binet tests translated and sued for Army during WWI (1914)

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Contributions of David Weschler to test development and testing

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Developed Weschler scales (1st edition: 1949, most recent revision 2003)

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Emergence of Pre-Renaissance

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-Christianity played a huge role in guiding beliefs of western people
-Scientific thought was limited
-Church controlled most thinking
-Voices of women and marginalized groups were not represented

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Renaissance

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-14th-16th centuries
-Revival of art, architecture and learning
-Catholicism challenged
-Rise of printing
-Importance of Universities
-Led to scientific revolution

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Rationalism

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-Rene Descartes--1st modern philosopher, broke with the church, had dualist view of work in which mind and body were operate and important
-Did not rely on data
-Thought that truth could be learned from looking at model of truth

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Empiricism

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-1600s-1800s
-Search for knowledge through experience rather than through reasoning
-Thought that knowledge came through external world, sensory experiences
-John Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Comte

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Positivism

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-Philosophy of Auguste Comte
-Based on empirical observations
-Only those things that can be operationally defined can be measured and studied
-Stressed the importance of the brain for mental activity

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Romanticism

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-Reaction against rationalism and empiricism
-Thought of the world through poetic intuition
-No fixed rules
-External factors minimized

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Existentialism

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-Stresses individual isolation and freedom to make choices
-Subjective meaning is the way to knowledge
-Kierkegaard, Nietzsche

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Psychology as a Science

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-End of 19th century
-Characterized by demystification of the NS
-Willhelm Wundt (father of psychology as an experimental science)
-Animal research and human autopsies lead to this development (nerve impulses have electrical component, ablation [removing part of the brain and observing the effect on function, led to brain localization], anatomical staining)

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Structuralism

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-Developed by Titchner (student of Wundt)
-Focused on structure of adult mind with focus on Empiricism

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Functionalism

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-1850-1950
-Looking at function of behaviors and cognitions
-Began with Darwin's theory of evolution and lead to new school of psychological thought in America
-Emphasized an empirical approach and applied research
-Incorporated studies of individual differences/studies of animal behavior/child development
-Galton and Cattell applied Darwin's theory to studying individual differences in humans (intellectual ability, auditory acuity, imaging ability)
-Twin studies were done by Galton (nature v. nurture)
-Woodworth and Thorndike (research in America on stimulus-response connections)

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Behaviorism

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-1920-1970
-Heavily grounded in objective methodology
-Based on positivism, functionalism, and Darwinism (theory of evolution brought humans an animals along a continuum and were seen as related)
-Marked a shift away from introspection and consciousness to focus on objective experimental psychology
-Thorndike's puzzle boxes and Skinner's dog harness provided for systematic observation and collection of quantitative data
-Provided evidence for association learning, conditioned response, principles of temporal contiguity, repeated pairings, and extinction

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Gestalt Psychology

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-Understanding the meaningful relationships between parts and wholes
-Holistic understanding
-"Top down" approach to problem solving
-Initially in conflict with behaviorism--later blended to form modern cognitive psychology
-Began with Wertheimer's discovery that perceptions were not predicted by sensory stimuli alone
-Set stage for social and cognitive psychology

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Psychoanalysis

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-Developed by Freud
-Techniques such as free association and dream analysis
-Led to emergence of clinical psychology
-Existentialism addressed questions about social behavior (developed during post WWII and led to American's psychology's Third Force during 1960's and 1970's)
-WWII also saw increased interest in social behavior, racial issues, and applied psychology

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Humanistic Psychology

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-Shift away from animal studies

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Clinical Psychology

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-An integration of science, theory, and clinical knowledge

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Neuropsychology

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-Understanding of brain localization for learning and behavior

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Order of Emergence of Different "Schools" of Psychology

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1. Pre-Renaissance
2. Renaissance
3. Rationalism
4. Empiricism
5. Positivism
6. Romanticism
7. Existentialism
8. Psychology as a Science
9. Structuralism
10. Functionalism
11. Behaviorism
12. Gestalt Psychology
13. Psychoanalysis
14. Humanistic Psychology
15. Clinical Psychology
16. Neuropsychology