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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Bloom's taxonomy say about mastering learning?
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Objectives at lower levels must be mastered before more complex learning can take place.
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When creating written materials, what grade level should you use?
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8th grade for the general population, 6th grade for lower literacy
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What is nutritional informatics?
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The intersection between nutrition, information and technology
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When is a formative evaluation of education outcomes done?
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During the course of education
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When is a summative evaluation of educational outcomes done?
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Conducted at the end of learning, but designed in the planning stage
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What is an abstract of a research paper?
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Condensation of final report. Includes purpose of study, questions asked, scope and method, summary of conclusions
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What is included in the results section of a research paper?
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Specific lab, clinical, objective or subjective findings
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What is included in the discussion section of a research paper?
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Interpretation of results, comparison with other studies; may be combined with results
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Which group receives the program or treatment in analytical research and which does not?
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Experimental group receives the program or treatment and the control group does not.
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What is an example of a quasi-experimental research design?
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Time series (a series of measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends.)
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Describe a cross-sectional study.
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One time data collection
Sometimes called prevalence study A snap-shot look at one point in time, describes current, not past or future events |
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What is internal validity?
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Tests whether the difference between two groups is real (ie: has the experimental group really performed differently?)
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What is analysis of variance?
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ANOVA - tool used to evaluate validity
Asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable on that would be repeated |
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Describe the 3 different measures of central tendency.
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Mean - the average
Median - midpoint Mode - most frequent value |
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What percent of all observations like within 1 standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution?
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68% (2/3)
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What is the linear correlation coefficient (r)?
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Measures the degree to which the points in a scatter diagram cluster about a straight line.
The value of r is always between -1 and 1 The close the points are to the line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship |
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What is a double blind study?
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Neither the researcher nor the subject knows which group is receiving treatment.
Removes bias from research. |
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What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
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Morbidity = state of disease
Mortality = rate of death |
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What are inferential statistics?
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Techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set
What is the probability that the results can be applied to a larger group? What can you infer from the results of your study? |
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What is a pilot study?
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Scaled down version of the larger investigation that still includes every step in the study, just done on a smaller scale.
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What are enzymes made of?
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Proteins
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Which B vitamins are needed for energy production?
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Pantothenic Acid, Thiamin, Riboflavin and Niacin
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What age group has the highest BMR?
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0-2 years old
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Why is indirect calorimetry preferable to direct calorimetry?
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It provides a practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy
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How do you lower the RQ?
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Respiratory Quotients can be lowered by increasing fat intake.
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Why type of sugar has the highest level of sweetness?
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Fructose
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What sugar alcohol is slightly less sweet than glucose?
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Sorbitol
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What are the 9 essential amino acids?
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TV TILL PMH
Theronine Valine Tryptophan Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Phenylalanine Methionine Histidine |
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Which amino acids contain sulfur?
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Cysteine (cysteine) and methionine
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Which essential amino acid is missing from most vegetables and soybeans?
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Methionine
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What type of oil is the most polyunsatured?
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Safflower
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What oil is the most unsaturated?
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Canola
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Which fatty acid is linoleic, what effect does it have in the body and what is the best source?
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Omega 6:
- replacing CHO, lowers LDL and raises HDL -replacing sat fat, lowers total CHO -deficiency: poor growth rate, eczema Best source: safflower oil |
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Which fatty acid is linolenic, what effect does it have in the body, and what are good sources?
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Omega 3:
-retinal function and brain development, decreases hepatic production of triglycerides -EPA and DHA come from omega 3 Best sources: fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseed, canola |
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How are fatty acids named?
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The location of the first double bond, counted from the METHYL END of the fatty acid, is designated by the omega sign.
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What are 3 sources of trans fats?
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Margarines, shortenings, frying fats
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What is the most saturated fat?
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Coconut oil
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What is the most monounsaturated fat?
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Olive oil
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Why does fat have the highest kcal/g?
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Fat has the most carbon atoms available for oxidation
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What is winterized oil and what is it used for?
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Clear oil that won't crystalize when cold, used in salad dressings
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What are good sources of vitamin A?
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Yellow, orange fruits
Dark, leaky green vegetables Cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato |
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What is the toxic level for vitamin A?
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10,000 IU
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What are the reversible and irreversible signs of vitamin A deficiency?
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Reversible = nyctalopia
Irreversible = xerophthalmia |
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What is the main form of vitamin E?
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Tocopherol
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What are sources of vitamin D?
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Sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk
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*What are good sources of vitamin E?
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Vegetable oils, whole grains, green vegetables, almonds
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*What are good sources of vitamin K?
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Spinach, kale, broccoli, green, leafy vegetables
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What is one important property and function of B1?
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Thiamin is lost in cooking
Thiamin is needed in the oxidation of CHO |
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What are signs of B1 deficiency?
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Beriberi, muscle weakness, food drop, memory loss, tachycardia
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What are good sources of B1?
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Grains, wheat germ, pork, liver
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What are good sources of B2?
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Liver, kidney, meat, milk
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What are signs of B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency?
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Cheilosis, stomatitis, magenta tongue
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What are sources of B3 (Niacin)?
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Protein, peanuts, ready to eat cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, milk
Deficiency: 4 Ds (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) |
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*What are good sources of folate?
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Fortified cereals, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils, beans
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It is important to consume more B6 (Pyridoxine), when intake of what is increased?
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Protein
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What are good sources of B6?
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Meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, ready to eat cereals
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What are good sources of B12?
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Liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese
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What are good sources of B5?
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Animal foods, grains, legumes
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What is the main function of B5 (pantothenic acid)?
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Coenzyme A - energy synthesis of fatty acids
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What are good sources of vitamin C?
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Citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green or yellow vegetables
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What is a sign of vitamin C deficiency?
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Bleeding gums
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Where is Biotin synthesized?
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Intestinal bacteria
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What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
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Calcium
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What are important functions of calcium?
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Blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility
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*What are the best sources of phosphorus?
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Meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese (animal sources)
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What is the most absorbable form of iron?
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Ferrous iron
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What aids/does not aid iron absorption?
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Aided by: gastric juice, vitamin C, sometimes calcium
Not aided by: eggs, tea, milk, cheese |
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High intake of what 3 things necessitates increased consumption of magnesium?
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Protein, calcium, vitamin D
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What disease is associated with a copper deficiency?
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Wilson's Disease = low serum copper
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*What are good sources of sulfur?
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Animal proteins - meat, fish, eggs, poultry
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How much water is lost daily due to insensible water loss?
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.8-1.2 liters/day
Insensible water loss = skin, breathing |
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What is the equation to calculate milliequivalents?
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mEq = (mg/atomic weight) X valance electrons
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What are the atomic weights for sodium, potassium and calcium?
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Na = 23
K = 39 Ca = 40 |
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How many valence electrons do sodium, potassium and calcium have?
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Na = 1
K = 1 Ca = 2 |
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What are signs of dehydration?
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Nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation
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What 2 organs are responsible for maintaining the body's pH and what is that level?
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Lungs and kidneys, 7.4
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What measures how well the kidneys are performing in the buffer system and what is the normal range?
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HCO3, 24-28, measures base
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What measures how well the lungs are performing in the buffer system and what is the normal range?
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pCO2, 35-45, measures carbonic acid
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What are the weight gain guidelines for women during pregnancy?
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Underweight = 28-40 pound gain
Normal weight = 25-35 pound gain Overweight = 15-25 pound gain Obese = 11-20 pound gain |
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Who is the most at risk during her pregnancy?
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The pregnant teenager
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What fatty acid is needed for development of the fetal nervous system and what is the recommended daily intake?
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DHA, 1.4 g/day
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What is a normal birth weight?
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2500-4000 g
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What are the caloric needs for a baby from 0-6 months and then 7-12 months?
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0-6 months = 520 (F) and 570 (M)
7-12 months = 676 (F) and 743 (M) |
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What vitamin and what mineral should be supplemented for breast-fed infants and when?
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Vitamin D (400 IU) and Flouride (.25 mg), after 6 months
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How many calories/oz and oz/lb/day of formula should be mixed for infants?
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20 kcal/oz
2.5 oz/lb/day |
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What is a secondary cause of FTT?
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Lack of fiber, leads to chronic constipation, diminished intake and poor appetite
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What is the RDA for protein for adults?
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Females = 46 g
Males = 56 g |
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How much water do athletes need during physical activity?
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16 oz water for every 1 lb body weight lost
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What is the normal energy source during rest? What is it during prolonged exercise?
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At rest: fats
Prolonged exercise: CHO provides pyruvate for continued lipid oxidation |
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What herbs and supplements might interfere with anticoagulants? (5)
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Black cohosh, Garlic, Ginger, Ginkgo Biloba and Ginseng
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What are 3 digestive/energy functions of the liver?
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Produces bile (which is stored in the gallbladder)
Stores glycogen Synthesizes glucose |
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Where does digestion of protein begin?
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In the stomach, proteolysis by protease pepsin and HCL
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How is acidic chyme neutralized?
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Enters duodenum, mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions (from pancreas), which neutralize the acid
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What is the main job of the large intestine?
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Reabsorb water, salts and vitamins synthesized by bacteria (K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin)
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What doe the bacteria do to fibers in the large intestine?
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Converts fibers into SCFA (short chain fatty acids)
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Where is lactase produced?
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The small intestine
Lactase breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose |
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In what order are enzymes available for CHO digestion in the neonate?
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30 weeks gestation - maltase, sucrose
At birth - adult levels of lactase 6 months after birth - pancreatic amylase |
