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342 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the definition of braking distance?
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How far the vehicle travels from the time the brake is applied until the vehicle comes to a stop
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Explain Primary Feeder
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Large pipe mains, widespread spacing, convey large quantities of water for distribution to smaller mains, up to 72" in diameter
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Explain Secondary Feeder
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Intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of primary feeder systerm and aid concentration of required flow
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Where do you position for F.D.C.?
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As close as possible to FDC with consideration for water supply from hydrant
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Define B.T.U.
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The amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 degree farenheit starting at 60 degrees
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What determines whether water will float on the surface of another liquid?
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Specific Gravity
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What do specific heat and latent heat of vaporization govern?
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The heat absorbing ability of water
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Avoid overspeeding during downshifting and on hill Descent. what should the RPM be?
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200 to 300 RPM lower than max
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The amount of surface area of the water exposed to the heat dictates....
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How effective the water will be at absorbing heat.
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Define Cascade System
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Large breathing air cylindars connected in banks of 4 to 12 cylenders. Must be refilled from Compressor.
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Define breathing compressor
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An engine driven appliance that purifies and compress atmospheric air, Will refill as long as engine runs
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What are the preferences for drafting from a static source?
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Prefer paved surface but ultimate concern is minimum length of hose and lift.
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How is water density measured?
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In POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT
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When is water heaviest?
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Closest to its freezing point
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What (8) factors affect positioning when fire is showing?
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Dept SOPs, Rescue, Water Supply, Method of Attack, Exposures, Wind Direction, Terrain, Relocation Potential
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Water is considered to be?
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Incompressible
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What are the zones of a hazmat call?
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Hot Warm, and Cold
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NFPA 1582
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Medical Requirements
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At 212 degrees water expands how much when converted to steam?
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1700 times
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Define "free play" as related to steering
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The amount of movement of steering wheel before the wheels turn. Should be no more than 10 percent of steering wheel diameter. (IE, 20 inch steering wheel gets 2 inches of play in either direction)
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NFPA recommendations on hearing loss
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NFPA recommends rejecting FF candidate with hearing loss of greater than 40db in 3 frequencies, 500, 1000, and 2000hz in unaided ear OR 40db hearing loss in 4 frequencies; 500, 1000, 2000, 3000hz in either ear
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Where do you position for investigation mode?
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Near the front door
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What are the friction losses for appliances and elevation?
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Elevation FL = .5 psi / foot or 5psi per story -1.
Appliance FL = 10psi gated wye and 25 psi for master stream if flowing over 350gpm |
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What is the Q squared formula?
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GPM/100 squared =FL per 100ft. (IE...300gpm/100 = 3. 3squared =9. 9psi FL per 100ft of 3 inch hose)
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What is the hand method of calculating FL?
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each finger is designated GPM, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200.Multiply GPM times 12 with right finger to get FL in 100ft of 1 3/4 inch hose.
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What are the 2 most common functions for wildland apparatus?
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Direct fire attack and structure protection
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NFPA 1911
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Standard for inspection and maintenance, testing and retirement of inservice automotive fire apparatus. Annual aerial device testing
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Define Drafting
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when pumper is supplied from static water supply such as lake, pond, or cistern
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The speed with which water absorbs heat is directly related to what?
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The surface area of the water exposed.
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3 uses of a private water supply
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water for fire protection only
water for fire protection and sanitation water for fire protection and manufacturing |
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What is the wildland urban interface?
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The boundary between wildland and structural development
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What is the formula for figuring the collapse zone?
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1.5 times the height of the building
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Where should attack during wildland firefighting be initiated from?
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An ANCHOR POINT. something already burned, or a road or near a pond, a safe place for FF to be.
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For firefighting purposes, ordinary fresh water is considered to weigh..
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62.5lbs/cubic feet or 8.33lbs/gallon
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The primary way water extinguishes fire is by?
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cooling and absorbing heat from the fire
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Elevation
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The center line of a pump or bottom of a static water supply AS RELATED TO GROUND LEVEL
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Altitude
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Position of an object ABOVE OR BELOW SEA LEVEL
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Flowmeters on discharges over 3.5 inches must be equipped with?
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An accompanying PRESSURE GAUGE
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Flowmeters must provide readout in what increments?
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No larger than 10psi increments
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NFPA 1901 allows flowmeters to be used on what size discharges?
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1.5 inch to 3 inch discharges
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What is the first principal of friction loss?
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If all other conditions are the same, FL varies directly with the length of the hose.
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What are the 2 basic types of flowmeters?
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Paddlewheel was first invented followed by the springprobe.
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When are flowmeters particularly advantageous?
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When supplying hoselines or master streams with automatic nozzles.
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Dead end line vs circulating feed or looped line.
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Dead end hydrant receives water from only 1 direction, looped line receives water from multiple directions reducing time of no water if problem occurs
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Processing/treatment facilities
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Water treated to remove contaminates or can add things like O2 of flouride. FD main concern is treatment plant breaks down, fire, or large amount of chemicals sometimes stored on site.
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What is a combination water distribution system?
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Most popular type, a combination of gravity and direct pumping
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What is a grid system?
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Distribution system that provides circulating feed from several mains composed of Primary Feeders, Secondary Feeders, and Distributors
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What is Gravity system?
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When the primary water source is located at higher elevation than the distribution system, must be several hundred feet higher to be effective, like a reservoir in the mountains above a town.
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The number of firefighter fatalities while responding or returning from call is second only to....
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Heart Attacks
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Define Direct Pumping System
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Using 1 or more pumps to take water from primary source and discharge it thru filtration and treatment plants
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How are community water needs figured?
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By estimating the total water needed for domestic and industrial use PLUS firefighting use.
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Recommended Visual Lead Time Distances
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Looking 12 seconds ahead in the city and 20 seconds ahead on the highway
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If testing 50 foot lengths of hose, how many lengths of hose must you lay out?
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6 lengths or 300 feet of hose
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Why is fire apparatus tested after construction?
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To ensure that it performs in the manner for which it was designed.
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Once an apparatus is in service how often must it be tested?
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At least yearly to ensure it performs under emergency situations
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What is the best assurance that apparatus will perform with its design limitations?
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Organized apparatus testing and regular maintenance
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What are the 2 categories for apparatus tests?
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Preservice Tests and Service Tests
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Preservice tests include what 3 tests?
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Manufacturers Test, Pump Cert Test, and Acceptance Test
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Who performs the yearly service tests on an apparatus?
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The Driver Operator, however, D/O do not usually assist in PREservice tests
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Preservice tests are broken down into what 3 categories?
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manufacturers test, certifcation test, and acceptance tests
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Who generally performs the preservice tests?
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Underwriters Laboratory or another independant agency
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When is acceptance testing performed?
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After delivery has been made but before final acceptance has been made
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Which 2 tests are required in the manufacturers test?
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Road Test and Hydrostatic Test
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What are the criteria for the Road Test?
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35mph from standing start in under 25 seconds. 2 runs, opposite directions, same surface. Top speed of 50mph minimum. Full stop from 20mph in 35feet. Parking brake must conform to specs listed by manufacturer.
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What does the hydrostatic test determine?
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Whether the pump and pump piping can withstand pressures normally encountered during firefighter operations.
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What is the pressure test level for a hydrostatic pump?
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250psi for 3 minutes with discharge valves opened and capped. The tank fill line, tank to pump and bypass valves all closed.
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What are the PUMP CERTIFICATION tests for apparatus equipped with a 750gpm pump or larger?
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Pumping Test
Pumping engine overload test Pressure control system test Priming Device Test Vacuum Test Water tank to pump flow test Internal intake pressure relief valve test. |
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Why are acceptance tests performed?
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To assure the purchaser that the apparatus meets bid specs at the time of delivery.
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What testing issue can arise in certain jurisdictions?
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If altitude is greater than 2000 feet the pumping engine overload test must be performed during acceptance testing to ensure the engine develops enough power to operate in the jurisdiction it serves.
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What are the pumper service tests?
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1 Engine Speed Test
2. Priming Device Test 3. Vacuum Test 4. Pumping Test 5. Overload Test 6. Pressure control Test 7. Gauge and flow meter test 8. Tank to pump flow rate test 9. Internal intake pressure relief test (if applicable) |
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Pumper service site test considerations
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may be using either a fire hydrant or static body of water as a supply
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If you use a static water supply for a pumper service test, what are the qualifications?
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The water must be at least 4 feet deep. The strainer must be submerged at least 2 feet below water surface, The surface of the water may be no more than 10 feet below the centerline of the pump intake and 20 feet of hard intake hose should be used for drafting during testing. The atmospheric air temp between 0 and 100 degrees and the water between 35 and 90degrees.The barometric pressure should be at least 29 inches of mercury
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When performing a pumper service test at altitude why must you correct for barometric pressure?
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Because a 1 inch drop in barometric pressure reduces a pumpers maximum possible static lift by about 1 foot.
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How does altitude affect the pumps performance?
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Lifting ability drops about 1 foot per 1000 feet increase in altitude.
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What is the minimum size hose that may be used for testing the rated capacity of the fire pump?
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2 1/2 inch
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What PSI are the pump service tests to be conducted at?
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150, 165 (overload) 200 and 250 psi net pump discharge pressure.
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Define Net Pump Discharge Pressure
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The total work done by the pump to get the water into, through, and out of the pump..
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When at draft, Net Pump Discharge Pressure is ____ (more or less) than the pressure shown on the discharge gauge?
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when at draft the NPDP is MORE than shown on discharge gauge.
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What equipment is needed for a service test?
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a gauge to check the pump intake pressure. a gauge to to check pump discharge. a pitot tube, straight stream nozzles, rope chain or test stand for secure nozzles, revolution counter or hand tachometer, appropriate forms.
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What device will help complete service tests faster and with more flexibility?
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A flowmeter calibrated to manufacturers specifications
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What safety precautions should be observed during service tests?
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hearing protection and protective headgear, prevent water hammer, do not straddle hose, manipulate throttle slowly to avoid sudden pressure changes, tie down nozzles and devices, cover all manholes at test pit, know location of all personnel in test area
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Why is the vacuum test performed?
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to check the priming device, pump, and hard intake hose for air leaks.
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How many feet of intake hose is used for the vacuum test?
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20 feet of correct intake hose
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When conducting a vacuum test, how long do you run the priming device?
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Run the priming device until the test gauge shows 22inches of mercury develoved. (Reduce amount of mercury developed 1 inch for every 1000 feet of altitude)
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What is the acceptable loss of vacuum on a vacuum test?
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No more than 10 inches of vacuum should be lost in 5 minutes
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What happens if apparatus is unable to reach acceptable amount of mercury during vacuum test? and what is acceptable required amount?
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If vacuum cannot reach 22 inches of mercury or corrected amount for altitude the apparatus should be removed from service and repaired as soon as possible.
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How much clearance does the strainer require when performing drafting test?
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Strainer should be 2 feet below the surface and the sides and bottom should have 2 feet of water surrounding it.
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When performing the pumping test what should the net pump discharge pressure be?
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NPDP is 150 psi adjusted for intake hose friction loss and altitude.
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If using a two stage pump for pumping test what position must the pump be in?
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VOLUME or PARALLEL
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When performing the Pumping Test, all adjustments must be made without engine exceeding what level?
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80% of its peak engine speed
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What readings are required during the Pumping Test and how frequently must they be noted?
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Every 5 minutes for the duration of the 20 minute test you must document PDP, nozzle pressure, engine tach, RPMs, Engine coolant temp, Oil pressure, and Automatic Transmission Fluid temperature
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Why is the pressure control test performed?
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To ensure that pressure control devices maintain a safe level of pressure on the pump when valves are closed at a variety of discharge pressures.
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What PSI is the pressure control test performed at?
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pump discharges NPDP of 150psi
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How do you convert "Head" to "Head Pressure"?
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Divide height of water supply by 2.304. Result equals Head pressure in PSI
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What 15 Items are on the Engine inspection list?
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Oil, Air Filter, Emergency Shutdown, Exhaust system, Coolant, Fan Blade, Windshield washer fluid, Batteries, Transmission Fluid, Power Steering, Brake fluid, Belts, Wires, Steering
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What are the Weekly pump tests?
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1. Oil
2.Packing Glands 3.Primer 4.Pressure Relief Device 5.2 stage changeover 6.Clean strainers 7.Fresh water |
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What is the 2nd principle of friction loss?
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When hoses are the same size, Friction Loss varies approximately the square of the increase of the velocity of the flow
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What are some of the causes of friction loss in hoses and pipes?
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Movement of molecules against each other, lining in the fire hose, couplings, sharp bends, change in hose size by adaptor, improper gasket size, pipe fittings, control valves
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Forward velocity pressure at the discharge opening while water is flowing is known as?
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Flow Pressure
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What is the minimum flow setting for interior structural firefighting?
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95 to 100 GPM
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Where do you need 2 or more primary feeders from a source?
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High risk and industrial districts
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Define Specific Gravity
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The Density of a liquid in relation to water, Less than 1 floats, Greater than 1 sinks.
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How often should water main valves be operated?
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At least once a year
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What are the 2 water main valve types?
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Indicating and Non Indicating
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Describe a Post Indicator Valve
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A hollow metal post attached to a valve housing, has the words "open" and "shut" written on it. Most commonly found on PRIVATE water supply
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Define an Outside Screw and Yoke
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yoke on the outside with threaded stem controlling the gate being open or closed. Threads are out and visible when open, if valve is closed no threads are visible. most common on SPRINKLERS
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What determines water pipe construction material?
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Is it the proper type for soil conditions and pressure and how is the pipe going to be used.
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The speed at which fluid travels thru hose or pipe is determined by?
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The pressure on the liquid. (fluid speed is often referred to as velocity)
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Encrustation vs Sedimentation
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Encrustation is minerals on pipe walls, Sedimentation is the settling of particulates in water pipes. Both cause friction loss
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What is the fourth principle of fluid pressure?
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The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the depth of the container
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Explain the difference between surface water and groundwater.
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Surface water is rivers and lakes, most affected by lack of rainfall, more contaminates. Groundwater is water wells or water producing springs, Harder water with fewer particulates.
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Define "pressure"
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Pressure is defined as Force Per Unit Area
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What is the second principle of fluid pressure?
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Fluid pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions
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What is situational awareness?
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being aware of whats going on around you, understanding how information, events and actions impact goals and objetives
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Define Water Hammer
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Suddenly stopping water moving through a hose or pipe results in an energy surge in the opposite direction at many times the original pressure
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Define Normal Operating Pressure
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The pressure in a distribution system during normal consumption demands
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Define Critical Velocity
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If/when velocity is increased beyond practical limits, the friction becomes so great the entire hose stream is agitated by resistance
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Where do private water supply systems get their water from?
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Municipal water systems
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Define Specific Heat
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The ratio between the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a selected quantity of material and the amount of heat needed to raise the same amount of water by the same temperature.
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Where are private water supplies most commonly found?
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Large commercial, industrial, or institutional properties
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What are the main uses of an aerial ladder?
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Rescue, ventilation, elevated master streams, access to upper levels of emergency scenes
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What are 2 advantages of having separate piping in a private water supply?
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The property owner has control over the water supply source and Either system will be unaffected by service interruptions to the other system
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What is the nozzle pressure of a combination nozzle?
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100 psi
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What is the nozzle pressure of a smooth bore handline nozzle?
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50psi
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NFPA 1906
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Wildland Apparatus
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NFPA 1500
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Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health
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What is the pressure of a smoothbore master stream?
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80psi
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What is the pressure of a combination master stream?
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100psi
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NFPA 1901
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Standard on Automotive Fire Apparatus
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The rate at which an object gives off heat depends upon what?
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The material from which it is composed
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What are 2 major considerations when supporting elevated master streams?
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Friction loss and elevation loss
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Define Elevation Pressure
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Pressure loss or gain due to nozzle placement in regard to pump.
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Define Friction Loss
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That part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through pipe fittings, hoses, and adaptors.
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What does the coefficient of friction loss relate to?
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The rough interior surface of the pipe and hose
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What is the percentage of drivers unable to recognize a dangerous situation until its too late?
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42%
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What is the first principle of fluid pressure?
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Fluid Pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts
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What happens to Atmospheric pressure above sea level?
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Atmospheric pressure decreases 0.5psi per 1000 feet
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What are distributors?
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A grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers.
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What are the 2 types of control valves found in a water distribution system?
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Butterfly and Gate valves
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What is underground water pipe made from?
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Cast iron, ductile iron, asbestos cement, steel, plastic, concrete
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What is the 6th principle of fluid pressure?
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Fluid pressure of a liquid on the bottom of a vessel is independant of the vessel shape
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What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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14.7 psi (standard atmospheric pressure)
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Define level I and level II staging
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Level 1, more than 1 responding units, stage close to scene but available for other incidents. Level 2 stage in staging area, ready to respond to scene in less than 3 minutes
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Define "vacuum"
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Any pressure less than atmospheric pressure
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When should twists NOT be put in intake hose?
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When either end has a sexless coupling
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What is the main disadvantage of a 2 1/2 inch hose?
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It limits the amount of water you can flow
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Which standards establish seat belt use requirements?
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NFPA 1500 and 1901
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"Force" is a measure of what?
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Force is a measure of weight directly affected by gravity.
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What are the 4 components of a water system?
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Supply source, Treatment facility, way to force water thru pipe, and piping system
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What do you commonly pump an 1 3/4 inch hose at?
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170psi for 200ft
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What do you commonly pump an 1 1/2 trashline at 100ft.
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110psi
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What do you commonly pump a 2 1/2 inch preconnect of 200ft at?
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130psi
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What is the common pumping pressure for relay pumping?
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175psi
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what is the common pumping pressure when supplying a standpipe or FDC?
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150psi
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Define Maximum Daily Consumption
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The maximum total amount of water used during any 24hr period over the course of 3years
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If using a Pitot tube to determine the nozzle pressure and corresponding flow of water, what kind of nozzle must you use?
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Smoothbore nozzle
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Where are non indicating valves installed?
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In valve boxes and manholes
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What are 3 means of moving water?
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Direct pumping system, Gravity system, and Combination System
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What is the optimum front wheel position for hydrant operations?
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A 45 degree angle is easiest for moving forward and backward
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What is the Third Principle of Fluid Pressure?
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Pressure applied to a confined fluid from an outside source is transmitted equally in all directions
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Define Negligence
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D/O guilty of gross violation of standing laws, policies, or ordinances
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NFPA 1071
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Emergency Vehicle Technician Maintenance
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NFPA 1001
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Standard on Firefighter Professional Qualifications
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Friciton Loss Caused by handline nozzles is usually_____ in the overall pressure loss in the hose assembly
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insignificant
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When using a FLOWMETER to determine nozzle pressure and flow, which nozzle is used?
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Any nozzle
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Explain a turret pipe master stream device
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Permanently mounted on apparatus connected directly to the pump, supplied by permanent piping
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Define Peak Hourly Consumption
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Maximum amount of water used in any 1 hour period over the course of 1 day. Usually 1.5 times the average daily consumption
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Define "Impinge" as related to a fog nozzle
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To strike or dash about or against, clashing with a sharp collision, to come together with force
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What is the definition of a solid stream?
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Fire stream produced from a fixed orifice smoothbore nozzle, a solid stream nozzle has a cylindrical bore whose length is 1 to 1.5 times the diameter of the tip, handline operated at 50psi
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What is the equation for calculating Friction Loss?
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What PSI do you operate smoothbore and fog master streams at?
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Smoothbore = 80psi
Fog Master = 100psi |
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Explain what a Monitor Device is as related to Master Streams
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A monitor direction and angle CAN BE changed while water is being discharged. There are 3 types of monitors, Fixed, Portable, and Combination (mounted to apparatus but movable)
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Business and Industrial Hydrant supply recommendations
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Minimum hydrant main of 8 inches with cross connector mains every 600 feet. 12 inch mains may be used on principle streets and in long mains not cross connected at frequent intervals.
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What is the defintion of a Master Stream?
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Any stream too large to be controlled without mechanical aid, generally 350gpm or greater
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What is the NFPA recommended vision standard?
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NFPA 1582 requires 20/40 far visual acuity corrected with lenses or spectacles
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As an extinguishing agent, what 4 things does water depend on?
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Specific Heat, Specific Gravity, Latent Heat of vaporization, and Amount of Surface Area of water exposed
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Define "Head"
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The Height of a water supply above its discharge orifice
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Define Static Pressure
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Stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, hoses, and adaptors
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What are the 4 types of fog nozzles?
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Constant Flow nozzle
Manually Adjustable Automatic Nozzle High Pressure Nozzle |
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Explain the Drop 10 method
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find gallonage of hose (ie 250)
drop the third digit (drop 0 leaves 25) subtract 10 (25 - 10 = 15) 15 psi FL per 100ft of 2 1/2in |
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Explain the fire ground FL calculation for 1 1/2 inch hose
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multiply GPM x4 (100 x4 = 400)
Drop the 3rd digit (400 =40) Subtract 10 (40-10=30) 30psi FL per 100ft of hose |
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What is the preferred type of hose used for connection to a fire hydrant?
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Large diameter intake hose able to withstand positive pressure
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What are the minimum GPM flows per Hose Diameter?
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1.5inch 100gpm
1 3/4inch 125 to 175gpm 2 1/2 inch 250gpm 3inch 300gpm |
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NFPA 1002
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Standard on Fire Apparatus Driver Operator
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NFPA 414
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Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting
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What is the 4th principle affecting friction Loss?
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For a given flow velocity friction loss is approximately the same regardless of the pressure on the water
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Define Fire Stream
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Extinguishing agent after it leaves the nozzle until it reaches its desired point
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What are the water distribution system rates of consumption?
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Average Daily Consumption
Max Daily Peak hourly |
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Define "periphery" as related to a fog stream
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The line bounding a rounded surface. The outward boundary of an object that distinguishes it from its internal regions
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What is the defintion of Nozzle Reaction?
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As water is discharged from the nozzle at a given pressure, a counterforce pushes back on the firefighter handling the hoseline
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How many PSI are used as nozzle pressure for solid stream handlines up to 1 1/2 inch nozzles?
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50 PSI, however, can be as high as 65 psi without becoming unmanagable
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What are the 3 types of fire streams
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Solid, Fog and broken
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What are the recommendations for residential hydrant supply
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Hydrant supply main at least 6 inches in diameter with 8 inch cross connector mains at intervals of not more than 600 feet
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Define Latent heat of vaporization
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The QUANTITY of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor
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What is the 5th principle of Fluid Pressure?
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The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the density of the liquid
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What 3 things cause a fog stream to break up?
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Striking an object, Overcome by gravity, changed by friction with the air
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What are the DAILY pump tests?
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engage/disengage pump
Primer Oil Aux fuel tank Gauges Drain for Cold weather Operate controls Inspect water and foam level Check for leaks Deck Gun movement |
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What is the weight of 1 cubic foot of water?
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62.5 pounds
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High volume systems should be equipped with a ____ to avoid water hammer
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High volume systems should be equipped with a DUMP VALVE to avoid water hammer
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Define residual pressure
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total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through hose, couples pipes
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What is a water distribution system?
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It receives water from pumping station and delivers it to service area
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On a fog stream what determines the reduction in stream velocity and stream pattern?
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The angle at which the water is deflected
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Fog stream reach is directly dependant upon what 4 factors?
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The width of the stream
The size of the water droplets Wind The amount of water flowing |
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What kind of stream do Impinging nozzles produce?
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Impinging nozzles usually produce a WIDE ANGLE FOG but a narrow pattern is possible
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What are the types of broken stream nozzles?
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Chimney
Piercing Cellar Water Curtain |
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Describe handline nozzle information relating to stream types and GPM
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can be solid, impinging, fog, or broken stream nozzles. Used on 3/4 inch to 3 inch lines, up to 350gpm
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Describe how a manually adjustible nozzle works
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A manually adjustable nozzle has a number of constant flow settings allowing the FF to select a flow rate that best suits the existing conditions. The nozzle supplies the selected flow rate at the rated nozzle discharge pressure. If the DO is unable to deliver the proper pressure the actual flow will differ than that indicated at the nozzle. This is designed to work at a pressure of 100psi at the nozzle but the DO must know the flow setting of the nozzle in order to properly supply the hoseline and nozzle
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What is the formula for calculating flow from a test hydrant?
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29.83 x Cd x D2 x srP
Cd = coefficient of discharge D2 = diamter of dischare in inches and squared sqP = square root of pressure in PSI at orifice |
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Describe how a Constant Flow nozzle works
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A constant flow nozzle flows a specific amount of water at a specific discharge pressure on all stream patterns. Has both periphery deflected streams and an adjustable pattern setting. Operated at Nozzle pressure of 100psi
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Describe how an Automatic Flow nozzle works
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An automatic nozzle is a variety of a variable flow nozzle. This is a nozzle with pattern change capability and the ability to maintain the same nozzle pressure. If the gallonage supplied changes, an automatic nozzle maintains approximately the same nozzle pressure and pattern made possible by a moving baffle. Designed for 100psi discharge pressure
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What is the Nozzle Reaction Formula for Solid Stream Nozzles
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N.R. = 1.57 x D2 x NP
(D2 = D squared) |
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What is the Nozzle Reaction Formula for FOG STREAM nozzles?
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N.R. = 0.0505 x Q x srNP
(srNP = square root of Noz Pres) |
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What are the 3 steps to the second part of the Air Brake test?
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With Engine running apply parking brake, place transmission in drive and add acceleration. brake should prevent movement. 2. Release parking brake, move apparatus forward about 5mph apply brakes with brake pedal, any pull or delay must be reported and checked. 3. Note that Primary air pressure gauge needles are White or Green and secondary needles are red and yellow.
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When properly calibrated and in good working condition, flowmeters should be accurate to a tolerance of....?
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+ / - 3%. (ie no more than 3 gallons high or low for every 100gpm flowing)
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What are the friction loss coefficients for a siamesed line?
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two 2 1/2 in = 0.5
three 2 1/2in = 0.22 two 3in w 2 1/2in coup = 0.2 |
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Single hoseline F.L. coefficients
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1in booster 150
1 1/4in 80 1 1/2 24 1 3/4in w 1 1/2 couplings 15.5 2in 8 2 1/2 in 2 3" w 2 1/2" 0.8 3 w 3 0.677 5in 0.08 6in 0.05 |
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Define Boiling Point
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The TEMPERATURE at which a liquid absorbs enough heat to change to a vapor
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What is the third principle of Friction Loss?
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For a given discharge, friction loss varies inveserly as the 5 power of the diameter of the hose
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What are the practical working limits for the fire stream velocity?
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60 to 120fps which is produced by nozzle pressures ranging from 25 to 100psi
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Explain hard intake hose and its use
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Designed to withstand NEGATIVE pressure associated with drafting operations. Some are NOT designed to be used under positive pressure situations
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Apparatus inlets and remote outlets should be equipped with ____ to prevent damage from water hammer
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Pressure Relief Devices
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Define Articulating Aerial Platforms
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Have a hinged boom section with Up and Over ability not found with a straight ladder, lenghts of 55 to 85 feet. some can telescope AND articulate extending length from 90 to 174 feet.
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Explain the deluge set master stream
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The deluge set is a short length of LDH with a large nozzle supported by a tripod. CAN NOT BE CHANGE OR REDIRECTED WHILE WATER IS FLOWING
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What are 6 guidelines for positioning command vehicles?
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Max visibility of incident
Max visibility of exposures Easily located by responders Outside of danger zone Aovid blocking movement of other apparatus Display light or sign identifying command post |
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Define Average Daily Consumption
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Average of total amount of water used in distribution system over a 1 year period
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What are the 4 basic Master Stream device categories?
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Deluge Pipe
Turret Moniter Elevated Master Stream |
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What is the Pump Discharge Pressure equation?
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PDP = NP + TPL
np = nozzle pressure tpl = total pressure lost |
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What is the Net Pump Discharge Pressure equation?
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NPDP = PDP - Intake
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What is the weight of water in a 1 square inch column of water 12 inches tall
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0.434 lbs/square inch
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Give the details of a high pressure fog nozzle
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Up to 800psi, considerable forward velocity low volume of water. best for wildland fires, only flows 8 to 15GPM. (yes 8 to 15gpm)
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What type of fog nozzle serves as a pressure regulator for a pumper as lines are being added or shut down ensuring that all available water may be used continuously?
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An automatic nozzle
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Describe an elevated master stream
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Large capacity nozzle placed on end of an aerial device. Can be permanent or detachable. A ladder pipe attches to rungs of a ladder and connected to 3 inch hose. Up and down movement only, side to side causes too much stress on ladder
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What is the definition of "deflection" as it relates to a fog nozzle?
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A turning or state of being turned, a turning from a straight line or given course, a bending or deviation.
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What are the 3 main factors that influence a centrifugal fire pumps discharge pressure?
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The amount of water being discharged, The speed at which the impeller turns, The pressure of the water when it enters the pump from a pressurized source
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What is a "Volute"?
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A volute is the spiral, divergent chamber of a centrifugal pump that gradually increases in cross sectional area as it nears the pump discharge outlet
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What is the impellar rotation rate in RPMs?
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2000 to 4000rpms
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What is the pump casing?
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The casing collects the water in a centrifugal pump and confines it in order to convert the velocity to pressure
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What is the impellar?
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The impellar transmits energy in the form of velocity to the water
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Define a centrifugal pump
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A centrifigal pump is classified as a non positive displacement pump because it does not pump a definite amount of water with each revolution. It imparts VELOCITY to the water and then converts it to pressure within the pump itself
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What is a piston pump?
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A pump that contains a piston that moves back and forth or up and down, divided into 2 categories, Single Action or Double Action, very susceptible to wear
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What is a rotary pump?
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This is the simplest design of all the fire pumps, broken down into 2 types, Rotary Gear and Rotary Vane
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Standard for FF Professional Qualifications
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NFPA 1001
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Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver Operator
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NFPA 1002
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Standard for Fire Dept. Occupational Safety and Health
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NFPA 1500
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Standard for Fire Dept. Medical Requirements
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NFPA 1582
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Fire Service Vehicle Operation
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NFPA 1451
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Automotive Fire Apparatus
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NFPA 1901
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NFPA standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus
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NFPA 11c
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Wildland Apparatus
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NFPA 1906
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Airport Rescue Fire Fighting Standarad
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NFPA 414
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Emergency Vehicle Technician Maintenance
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NFPA 1071
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Piping systems must be able to withstand a hydrostatic pressure of____psi before being placed into service
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500psi
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Which type of automatic pressure control devices use a pressure sensing element connected to the discharge manifold to control the action of an electronic pump amplifier that compares pump pressure to an electrical reference point?
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Electronic Governers
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The output of the piston positive displacement pump is determined by the size of the cylinder and the...
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Speed of the piston
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Which pump panel instrument shows that an adequate supply of oil is being delivered to the critical areas of the engine that is powering the fire pump?
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pumping engine oil pressure indicator
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Which type of valve permits full flow through the lines with a minimum of friction loss
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Ball type valves
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True or false, pressure governors regulate pressure on centrifugal pumps
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True
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What is the main fire pump on modern apparatus?
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The centrifugal pump
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Which type of primer requires that any air leaks in the pump be kept to an absolute minimum and that suction hose and gaskets be kept in good condition?
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Exhaust Primers
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What are supplied to provide cooling and lubrication between the packing rings and the shaft
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Lantern Rings
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When a multi stage centrifugal pump is operating in volume, how much of the rated capacity does each impeller impart?
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50%
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Which units use auxiliary engine driven pumps?
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ARFF and Wildland fire apparatus
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As packing rings wear with the operation of the shaft, the ____ can be tightened and the leak controlled.
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The packing gland
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What provides for the movement of the water through a pistion positive displacement pump?
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a piston that moves back and forth or up and down in a cylinder
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How is the operation of the transfer valve performed on many 2 stage pumps?
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Manually
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What is the tank fill line used for?
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to provide a means of replenishing water carried in the apparatus water tank
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Automatic pressure control devices must not allow the pressure to exceed ___psi above the set level
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30psi
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Where are packing rings used to make the seal?
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Where the shaft passes through the pump casing.
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All discharge valves should be designed so that they are easily operable at pressures of up to :
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250psi
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Valves control most of the _____ lines from the pump
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intake and discharge
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What is the most common type of valve?
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The ball type valve
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The rotary gear pump consists of:
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Two gears that rotate in a tightly meshed pattern inside a water tight case.
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Which governor reduces the RPM of the engine to lower the pressure on a closed discharge line?
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Mechanical Governors
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Butterfly valves are most often operated by:
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Quarter turn handles
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The total amount of water that can be pumped by a rotary gear pump depends on the size of the _____ and the speed of the rotation
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Pockets in the gears
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Which is more efficient at pumping air? Rotary Gear or Rotary Vane pump?
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Rotary Vane
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How are gate valves most frequently operated?
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By turning a handwheel
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According to NFPA 1901, enough 2 1/2inch or larger discharge outlets must be provided in order to flow:
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The rated capacity of the fire pump
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Which type of automatic pressure control devices relieve excess pressure that is generally caused by shutting down one or more operating hoselines?
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Pressure Governors
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Which pumps are NOT able to perform pump and roll operations?
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Midship Pumps can not pump and roll
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Tank to pump piping should be sized so that pumpers with a capacity of 500gpm or less should be capable of flowing_____gpm
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250gpm
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Most manufacturers recommend that the transfer valve should be operated at a maximum pressure of:
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50psi
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Which type of automatic pressure control devices have an adjustible spring loaded pilot valve that actuates the relief valve to bypass water from the discharge chamber to the intake chamber of the pump?
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Discharge pressure relief valves
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Which type of primer is environmentally friendly and does not require lubrication?
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Oil less primers
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The ____ of the centrifugal pump collects the water and confines it in order to convert the velocity to pressure
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The Casing
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The operation of a centrifugal pump is based on the principle that:
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a rapidly revolving disk throws water introduced at its center toward the outer edge of the disk.
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Which pump panel instrument registers the pressure as it leaves the pump, but before it reaches the gauges for each individual dishcarge line
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Master pump discharge pressure gauge
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What is changeover?
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The process of switching between the pressure and volume position
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Which pumps are supplied power through the use of a split shaft gear case located in the drive line between the transmission and the rear axle.
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Midship pumps
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Which type of primer uses an oil supply or some other type of fluid to seal the gaps between the gears and the case and to act as a preservative and minimize deterioration?
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Positive displacement primers
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What is the main difference between a centrifugal pump and a positive displacement pump?
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positive displacement pumps can pump air
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Most manufacturers specify that the pump may remain in the pressure system until it is necessary to flow more than ____ of the rated volume capacity.
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2/3 (two thirds)
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Which pump panel instrument indicates actual pressure applied to hoselines?
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The pump pressure indicator
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What is the primary function of auxiliary coolers?
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To control the temperature of the coolant in the apparatus engine during pumping operations
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Pumps equipped with ____will not drip and will not require adjustment.
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Mechanical seals
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All fire apparatus with a rated pump capacity of 750gpm or greater must be equipped with how many 2 1/2" discharges?
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Must have at least two (2) 2 1/2 inch discharges
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Pumps that are rated less than 750gpm are required to have how many 2 1/2 inch discharges?
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Must have 1 discharge minimum
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Discharges to which 1 1/2 , 1 3/4, and 2 inch handlines are attached must be supplied by what size piping?
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must be supplied by 2 inch piping.
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When multiple attack lines are in use with different pressures required, what is the only way to supply them?
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You must set the engine discharge pressure to the highest pressure needed and gate down.
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On apparatus with booster tanks larger than 1000 gallons, what size tank refill pump line is required?
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A 2 inch line or larger is required.
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How rapidly must the pressure control device operate after a pressure surge?
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Must activate within 3 to 10 seconds
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A pressure control relief device must not allow the pressure to rise over how many PSI?
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Cant rise over 30psi
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What are the 2 types of pressure relief valves?
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Intake pressure and discharge pressure relief.
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All fire pumps not equipped with a pressure governor must be equipped with what kind of valve?
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Discharge pressure relief valve.
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What does a pressure governor do?
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Regulates centrifugal pump pressures by controlling the engines throttle.
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When approaching from the uphill side where should the AERIAL apparatus be positioned?
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Drive past the fire building and aerial device should be operated over the rear of the apparatus
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When approaching from the downhill side where should the AERIAL apparatus be positioned?
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The apparatus should be stopped short of the fire building and the aerial device shouldbe operated over the front of the apparatus
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For any given situation (ie rescue, fire attack, etc), what is the proper distance between the objective and the aerial apparatus?
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The proper distance is the one that affords the maximum stability, the best climbing angle, and adequate extension
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What places the maximum amount of stress on an aerial?
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Long extensions at low angles can reduce the load carrying capabilities of the device.
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Define "stress" as related to an aerial device.
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Stresses are those factors that work against the strength of the aerial device, static or dynamic forces: excessive degree of angle, operation in non parallel positions, operations that are supported or unsupported, length of extension, nozzle reaction for master stream, weight of water hose, personnel, wind reaction, heat, ice improper stabilization, wear caused by road travel
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What are the four main tactical uses for any aerial device?
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Rescue, access to upper levels, ventilation, and fire suppression
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Where is the best approach for a rescue made from regarding wind direction.
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Upwind, so the apparatus should be parked so that the aerial device turntable is upwind of the target.
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Where is the preferred positioning location for an apparatus?
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On the corner of the building. This allows access to 2 sides of the building and is safer in the event of a collapse
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Where should you position the apparatus for rescue if you must lift the victim over the top rail?
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position the turntable directly in line with the target and position the basket squarley in front of victim
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If a rescue victim is to enter through a gate on the platform, where do you position the apparatus?
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Left or right of the victim location since gates are usually on the side of the basket.
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What are the advantages to positioning the aerial apparatus on the opposite side of the fire?
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A safe position, can advance from the unburned side, can retreat AWAY from fire,
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When providing access for ventilation, where should the aerial apparatus be positioned?
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On the unburned side of the structure as close as possible to the area being ventilated, vent hole should NOT be between firefighters and apparatus, ladder should be at least 6 feet above roof line so firefighter can see it. if using platform, platform should be at roof level
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If aerial device is used for horizontal ventilation, where should it be positioned?
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the turntable should be positioned so that the entire aerial device will be upwind of the ventilation point and will have access to as many windows as possible. The goal is to place the tip of the aerial device upwind of the window being opened and slightly higher than the opening, this allows the firefigher on the tip to open the window without having to deal with heat, smoke and falling glass.
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If the aerial device is being used to assist horizontal ventialiton efforts, where should the tip be placed?
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The tip of the device should be placed in the upper corner of the window on the upwind side
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When used in a blitz attack, where should the D/O position the apparatus?
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The goal is to give the fire stream as much REACH into the fire area as possible. Ultimately place nozzle in the lower portion of the window so the fire stream may be directed upward toward the ceiling.
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Where are elevated streams most commonly used?
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In defensive operations.
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When being used as a master stream, what is recommened as far as resting the aerial against the structure?
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Do NOT support the aerial with the structure during these operations because nozzle reaction and shutting down water streams can cause the device to Batter the building which could cause a collapse.
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What conditions must a D/O consider when spotting the aerial apparatus?
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Surface conditions, weather and wind, electrical hazards on the ground and overhead, angle of aerial device operation, fire building conditions.
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Can cribbing be used with aerial apparatus stabilizers?
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yes, to further distribute the weight of the apparatus but must be adequate size and strength to withstand the load imposed by the aerial apparatus
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What is a good indicator of possible underground voids to be aware of when setting up an aerial apparatus?
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Manhole covers can indicate a vault
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What is the most common consideration that faces D/O in cold weather conditions?
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The presence of ice or snow on a parking surface.
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Define Ice Shrugging
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Slowly extending and retracting the aerial device to remove accumulated ice.
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What is the primary hot weather spotting consideration?
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Extreme heat may tend to weaken marginal or otherwise firm paved surfaces.
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What is the goal when positioning an aerial apparatus near overhead powerlines?
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The goal is to maintain a distance of at least 10 feet between the aeral device and overhead electric lines
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Why do operators of articulating booms need to use extra caution around overhead lines?
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They have 2 areas of the apparatus to monitor, the platform and the boom, including the boom joint and hinge
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True or False, Personnel on the apparatus are generally considered to be susceptible to electric shocks regardless of whether or not they are in contact with the ground
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True
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How do you exit an apparatus that is in contact with electric lines?
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Jump clear of the energized apparatus to reduce the risk of electrocution
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How can you improve stability of the aerial apparatus?
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By operating the aerial device in line with the longitudinal axis, ie operated directly over the FRONT or REAR of the apparatus
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Which angle is least stable when using the aerial ladder apparatus?
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An angle perpendicular to the body of the truck
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If you have a rear mounted apparatus, how should you position?
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Backing in is preferred to give maximum reach
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What is the maximum capacity for single axle tanker/tenders with elliptical tanks?
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2000 gallons
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How much can the pump discharge pressure gauge vary from the discharge gauge?
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no more than 10psi
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What is the minimum booster tank size for an NFPA 1901 engine?
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Minimum tank size of 300 gallons
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How many GPM was the John Bean pump of the 1960's and 70s capable of producing?
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1000 gpm
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What is the minimum pump capacity for a NFPA 1901 pumper?
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750gpm
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What drives rotary pump primers?
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They are driven either by a small electric motor or a clutch that operates off the drive shaft.
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What is the minimum pump capacity for an initial fire attack apparatus?
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NFPA requires minimum pump size of initial fire apparatus of at least 250gpm
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