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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 10 DNA viruses?
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1. Five Herpes viruses
2. Hepatitis B 3. Adenovirus 4. Papovaviruses 5. Parvovirus 6. Poxviruses |
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What are the 5 DNA Herpes viruses?
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1. Herpes simplex
2. Varicella Zoster VZV 3. CMV 4. EBV 5. Human Herpes viruses 6/8 |
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What are the 2 types of Herpes simplex HSV, what do they cause?
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-Type 1: cold sores
-Type 2: genital herpes |
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Which of the 2 simplex herpes is more common?
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Type 1
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What is Whitlow?
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Herpetic whitlow - sores on fingers.
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How is Herpes simplex type 2 transmitted?
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Via direct contact (sexual)
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What are symptoms of genital herpes?
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-may be Asymptomatic, or-
1. Vesicles, which pop and make painful lesions w/ crusting. 2. Recurrence - always a potential problem. |
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Who can get herpes?
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Anyone
-Men it gives dysuria -Infants get Herpes of the eye. |
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How is genital herpes diagnosed?
(4 methods) |
1. Culture - 100% specific and sensitive when vesicles still intact.
2. Immunological 3. Serological - most often used 4. PCR |
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When can culture be used to diagnose genital herpes?
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ONLY when the vesicles are still intact; but they break within 24 hrs, so this is less useful.
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What is VZV?
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Varicella Zoster Virus
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What does Varicella virus cause?
What does Zoster virus cause? |
-Chickenpox
-Shingles |
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What is Varicella gangrenosa?
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Bad infection when kids scratch chicken pox and get infected.
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How does Shingles occur?
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The virus moves up the CNS, lays latent for a while, then moves down and causes a concentrated unilateral and very painful infection.
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What is the characteristic feature of CMV?
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Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions that resemble owl's eyes.
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How do humans normally get exposed to CMV, what occurs? When does it become a problem?
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-Through everyday contact; get vague flu symptoms, develop immunity, never knew it.
-Problem if Pregnant woman contracts it (fetal harm), or Immunocompromised patient. |
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What are the 3 diseases EBV can cause?
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1. Infectious mononucleosis (diagnose serologically)
2. Burkitt's lymphoma (usually in African children) 3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (usually in China) |
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What infection is HHV-6 known to cause, in whom? What are sympt?
(Human Herpesvirus) |
Roseola, 6th disease, Childhood disease; Rash and high fever.
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What 2 diseases may HHV-6 be associated with?
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1. Bone graft rejection
2. Multiple sclerosis |
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How is HHV-8 transmitted, and what is it suspected to cause?
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1. Transmit by blood
2. Kaposi's sarcoma - sores on mouth of Aid's patients. |
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Which 2 Hepatitis viruses are transmitted Fecal-oral? Are they chronic?
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Hep A and E; not chronic.
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What 3 Hepatitis viruses are trnsmtd via blood/body fluids?
Are they chronic? |
Hep B, C, D. Yes; can become chronic.
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What is unique about Hep D?
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It is incomplete; can only exist with Hepatitis B.
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What is Hepatitis, and what are 5 non-hepvirus causes?
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Just "Inflamed Liver"
1. Viral 2. Bacterial 3. Toxic Reaction 4. Drug-induced 5. Alcohol-induced |
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What are 7 symptoms of Hepatitis?
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1. Fever
2. Chills 3. Fatigue 4. Nausea 5. Jaundice 6. Hepatomegaly 7. Anorexia |
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What are 3 spcf non-hep causes of Hepatitis?
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CMV, EBV, Leptospira.
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How are the Hepatitis viruses diagnosed?
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Serologically with Ag and Ab markers.
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What is NECESSARY to diagnose the type of Hepatitis?
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1. Ab markers
2. History |
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What are the Adenoviruses causes of? What are they possibly related to?
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1. Cause respiratory tract and conjunctiva infections.
2. May relate to tendency for obesity. |
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What are the 2 Papovavirus types?
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1. HPV (human papilloma)
2. Polyomaviruses |
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What 3 ways can the HPV present?
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1. Common warts (flat/raised)
2. Plantar warts (on foot) 3. Genital warts |
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What does Genital warts do to women?
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Puts them at a higher risk for cervical cancer; need frequent papsmears.
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What are the 2 Polyomaviruses?
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1. JC Jesus Christ
2. BK Burger King |
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What does the JC virus cause?
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Progressive multifocal encephalopathy.
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What does the BK virus cause?
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It's actually subclinical, and not associated w/ any syndrome.
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What 3 diseases are caused by the Parvovirus?
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1. Fifth disease
2. Aplastic crisis in immunocomp 3. Fetal hydrops |
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What is Fifth disease?
What are 2 common symptoms? |
A childhood erythematous infection.
1. Slapped Cheek Appearance 2. High Fever |
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What is Fetal Hydrops?
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The accumulation of fluid in the body of the fetus.
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What are the 4 Poxviruses?
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1. Smallpox (aka Variola)
2. Vaccinia 3. Monkeypox/Tanapox 4. Molluscum contagiosum |
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Why do we still get educated re: Smallpox, despite eradication?
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Because it has potential for bioterrorism.
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What are 5 characteristics to remember re: Smallpox?
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1. VERY VERY infectious
2. Causes severe poxing 3. High fever 4. only 1/3 victims survive 5. Causes severe scarring |
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What is the Vaccinia virus?
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The vaccine for smallpox!
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What is known to be a carrier of Monkeypox?
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Giant Gambian rats - no they are not cute.
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What symptoms are associated w/ a Monkeypox infection?
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Severe lesions and fever.
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What is Molluscum contagiosum?
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A rare STD that causes pox lesions on the genitals.
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What are Prions?
What were they previously called? |
NOT Viruses; Malformed protein triggered by something. Don't respond to disinfectants, heat, or UV lite.
Prev, Slow viruses. |
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What is another name for Prions?
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)
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What are the 4 TSEs?
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1. Kuru
2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 3. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow) 4. Chronic wasting disease. |
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What is Kuru, how was it transmitted?
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First known Prion, found in New Guinea in cannibals who ate brains at funerals.
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What does Creutz-Jakob do?
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Infects the CNS/brain (all TSEs do)
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What is Mad Cow disease?
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A new variant of Creutz-Jakob; causes CNS abnormalities in Cows; when humans eat cow, transmitted.
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What is Chronic wasting disease a problem in?
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Deer
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What is Guillain Barre syndrome?
When does it occur? |
An Ascending Paralysis that is an autoimmune disease and causes nerve demyelination via Ab.
-Follows EBV, CMV, and C. jejuni infections, possibly the flu vaccine as well! |
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What are the biggest organisms in medical microbiology?
What are the smallest? What can be seen w/lite microscope? What can't? |
-Parasites
-Viruses Everything except Viruses. |
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what can't grow on artificial media?
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-Chlamydia and rickettsiae
-Viruses |
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What is the only organism that doesn't have a cell membrane?
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Viruses
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What doesn't have a cell wall?
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-Some parasites
-Mycoplasma -Viruses |
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What is the process of culturing viruses?
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1. Inoculate .2-.5 ml specimen in a cell culture tube
2. Incubate at 33 or 37'C, maybe use roller drums. 3. Observe for growth. |
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What cultures the fastest?
What cultures the slowest? |
Fast: Herpes - 5 days at most.
Slow: CMV - up to 5 weeks. |
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What cultures are observed for Cytopathic effect (CPE)?
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All except for:
-Influenza -Parainfluenza -Mumps -Measles -Rubella |
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What results are observed for identifying Influenza/Para/Mumps/Measles?
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Hemadsorption - by using Guinea pig RBCs; use Rhesus RBCs for Measles.
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What is Intereference used for identifying?
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Rubella
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What is Cytopathic effect used for detecting?
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HSV, CMV, Varicella Zoster, Enteroviruses, Rhinoviruses, ADenoviruses,
Resp Synctial viruses. |
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Compare Hep A and B:
-Transmission -Incubation -Type of disease |
HepA: Fecal-oral trans, 2-6 wk incubation, Acute disease. -Rarely a Carrier
-aka Infectious Hepatitis. HepB: Blood/fluid transm., 6-26 wk incubation, Acute OR Chronic disease. -More commonly carrier state -Aka, Serum Hepatitis |
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Which hepatitis virus is often tranmsmitted sexually?
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Hep B
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Which are the more common Hepatitis viruses seen?
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Hep B - most
Hep A - 2nd |
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Which Hepatitises are there vaccines for?
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Hep A and Hep B
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Which hepatitis viruses are RNA vs. DNA?
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RNA: A, C, D, E
DNA: only B |
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Where are the majority of HIV-infected people located?
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In Subsaharan Africa - 70%
and half of those are women. |
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What is the leading cause of death in Africa?
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AIDS
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What population is most at risk for getting AIDS,
-In the US -Worldwide |
US: gay males
World: heterosexuals |
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How should hospital spills from an HIV-infected patient be cleaned?
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with a 1:10 dilution of bleach.
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What is the major immunological effect of HIV?
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Destruction of CD4+ T cells; significant defect in cell mediated immunity.
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What are 3 common stages in the progression of HIV?
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1. Asymptomatic, but HIV Ab+
2. Prodrome to AIDS - decreased Tcells, lymphadenop, Fever for over 3 mo. Fatigue/nightsweats weight loss, diarrhea Kaposi's sarcoma |
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What changes in symptoms occur in AIDS?
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-Decreased T4 cells, lymphokines, macrophage functionality.
-Frequent opportunistic infctns. |
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What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
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A metastesizing malignancy with red to purple skin blotches.
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What are the 3 most common recurrent infection in AIDs?
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-Pneumocystis jiroveci (U.S.)
-Tuberculosis (worldwide) -Oropharyngeal candidiasis |
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Which lab method is used to
-Screen for HIV -Confirm the test |
Screen - ELISA
Confirm - Western blot |
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What is normal Th to Tc ratio?
What is it in AIDS? |
2:1 normally
<1 in AIDS |
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What is the best test for prognosis/progression to AIDS?
What is the best predictor of opportunistic infections? |
-Viral load testing
-CD4 counts regularly |