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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who determined the rules of heredity? |
Gregor Mendel |
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Who demonstrated that genes were associated with chromosomes |
Tomas Hunt Morgan |
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Who was the first to use Drosophila in genetic research? |
Tomas Hunt Morgan |
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Who discovered DNA? |
Friedrich Miescher |
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How was DNA discovered? |
White blood cells were collected from pus The cells where lysed and nuclei was isolated A substance called nuclein as found which was high in phosphorus |
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What's the difference between Nuclein (DNA) and proteins? |
Nuclein was high in phosphorus with no sulfur |
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Who had attempted to create a vaccine against pneumonia? |
Fred Griffith |
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What did Fred Griffith find out about bacteria and viruses? |
He discovered that when the heat killed virulent S (smooth colony) strain was mixed with the live non-virulent R (rough colony), the S strain was activated. The dead S bacteria had transformed the live R bacteria into live S |
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Who showed the transforming molecule from the non-virulent bacteria and what was the molecule? 3 people |
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty DNA |
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Who used the bacteriophage and what was the point of this? |
Hershey and Chase They used radioactive P and S to distinguish protein and DNA |
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Who determined the amount of base pairs are in DNA? |
Erwin Chargaff |
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What is Chargaff's Rules? |
%A = %T %G = %C |
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What method was used to find the structure of DNA? |
X-Ray Crystallography |
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Who created X-Ray Crystallography? |
Rosalind Franklin |
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Does environment matter when crystallizing DNA? |
Yes, the more humid the better |
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When does the major groove occur in DNA? |
Where the backbones are far apart |
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When does the minor groove occur in DNA? |
When the backbones are close together |
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Which type of groove is more useful in DNA? |
Major groove because the surfaces of the stacked bases can read unambiguously from the major groove |
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Which type of groove is less useful in DNA? |
Minor groove because not enough of the bases are exposed in the minor grove to unambiguously identify them |
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Can left handed DNA helicies be found in living cells? |
Sometimes |
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What is the B DNA? |
The most common DNA structure that appears in cells |
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What is A DNA? |
When the DNA is dried DNA in the A form is more compressed with narrower and deeper major grooves |
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What is Z DNA? |
Left handed helix Found in some regions of cellular DNA associated with the start of transcription |
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When does DNA naturally take the form of A DNA? |
DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA molecules are usually in the A form |
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Which base pairs are purines and how many rings do they have? |
Adenine and Guanine Has 2 rings |
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Which base pairs are pyrimidines and how many rings do they have? |
Cytosine and Thymine/Uracil Has 1 ring |
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How many bonds does guanine make with cytosine? |
3 Hydrogen bonds |
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How many bonds does adenine make with thymine/uracil? |
2 Hydrogen bonds
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Does the A-T/U and the G-C base pairs have neutral charges? |
No there's a partial positive charge on H and a partial negative charge on O and/or N |
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What is a tauomeric shift? |
Hydrogen that spend a small amount of time in alternate positions |
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What causes the major source of mutations? |
Tautomeric shifts |
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Are A-C and G-T base pairs possible? |
Yes through Tautomeric shifts Rarely |
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What was more common? Keto or Enol form? |
Keto |
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What is the relation between base flipping and methylation? |
Somet enzymes that methylate require bases to be outside the helix to bind to the active site |
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What is base flipping? |
When bases flip out of the double helix |
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Which strands, anti-parallel parallel, make up the most common double helix? |
2 -parallel |
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What are genes? |
Hereditary units that contain instructions to build a new organism |
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What are alleles?
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Different versions of the same genes |
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Law of Segregation |
Describes different gene variations (alleles) are separated into gametes Random Assortment |
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Who determined that genes are mapped to specific regions on a chromosome? |
Tomas Morgan |
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Who determined that genes close together on the same chromosomes are linked and are often inherited together? |
Tomas Morgan
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dna |
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