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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ribonuclease A (RNase)
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cleaves RNA indescriminately
-secreted from pancreas - a sort of defense mechanism |
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bioinformatics
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the use of computer algorithms to compare nucleic acid and protein sequences
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pharmacogenetics
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variation among humans can explain differences in response to drug therapy
- an important new approach to pharmaceutical science |
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true/false:
structure and/or function can be preserved when the majority of primary sequence is allowed to 'drift' over time? |
true
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homolog
ortholog paralog |
homolog- descended from a common ancestor protein
ortholog- homologs with similar function found in different organisms paralog- homologs in the same organism which have evolved new function, often the result of gene duplication and variation |
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genome alignment equation
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score = (# matches x 10) - (# gaps x 25)
- new algorithms penalize common/similar substitutions less than rare ones |
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what is the relationship between sequence identity and evolutionary relationships?
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the lower the sequence identity, the farther back the evolutionary branch occured
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psedogene
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a remnant gene that is in the process of being destroyed by mutational drift due to lack of necessity
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how are birds, fish and reptiles able to see twice as many colors as mammels?
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they have 4 opsin genes vs 3 in most mammels
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how do New World monkeys adapt from their shortage of an opsin gene?
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they use enhanced sense of smell to identify ripe fruit instead of by color
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what adaptation do Kestrels have to locate their prey?
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a single mutation of Ser to Cys on an opsin allows them to see the scent marks of their prey (voles)
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what is the significance of the 16s ribosome
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it can be sequenced rapidly to determine which strain of bacteria you have (can help with antibiotic choice)
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which gene is responsible for determining poor vs rapid metabolizers?
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CYP2D6 (a cytochrome P450)
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Dihydrouridine Dehydrogenase
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responsible for the breakdown of 5-FU
- some patients have mutations that lead to low DHD activity -> they don't metabolize 5-FU well and disposed towards toxicity |
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What are the four levels of metabolizers?
Which is the most common? |
PM - poor
IM - intermediate EM - extensive UM - ultrafast EM is most common |
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what is the supporting evidence that there was a period when RNA was the major carrier of genetic information and RNA (not protein) were catalysts
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1. RNA is found to have catalytic activity (ribosome, self-splicing)
2. Peptide bonds are catalized by RNA in the ribosome 3. RNA fragments (not DNA) are found in ancient coenzymes 4. DNA replication begins with RNA synthesis by primer 5. Deoxyribonucleotides are synthesized solely from ribonucleotides in all organisms by convergently evolved forms of ribonucleotide reductase |
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RNA Atamer
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a stem loop RNA structure
- presence indicates ligase and polymerase activity - the RNA folds up like a protein and ATP sticks in it |
