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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA Enveloped Viruses
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Herpes Simplex type 1 and 2
Varicella Zoster virus Cytomegalovirus/CMV Epstein Barr virus Herpes virus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma Eicosahedrical core surrounded by lipid envelope |
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DNA Enveloped Viruses
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Important to find a specific host cell
HIV-DNA genome |
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chicken pox
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asymptomatic primary manifestation
Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle can be 20yrs; non-infectious New Lytic cycle, only when immune system allows aka Zoster/Shingles After initial infection virus replicates in neurons in Non-infectious state. Virus activated to produce new disease symptoms. |
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Herpes virus
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Acute infection-lytic cycle-epethelial cells
Quiescent-hides in lysogeny in the neuronal cell Latent infection-lysogenic cycle from nerve cell ending will invade epithelial cells and cause a new lytic cycle. |
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Herpes virus 1
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80% of Americans are infected with the HSV-1 virus and HSV-1 can cause meningitis. Will stay with you your entire life.
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Herpes Virus 1
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LAT-Latency Associated Transcripts - changes the virus from Lytic Cycle to Lysogenic in the neuronal cells
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Herpes Virus 1
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can be passed from mother to children
also known as herpes labialis-cold sores-hides in the trigeminal ganglia at the base of the neck |
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Herpes Virus 2
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15-20% of population/conmsidered to be an STD. Condoms reduces risk by 30% of infection most show no SX.
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HSV 1 and 2
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cause neonatal herpes
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HSV 1
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Corneal ulcers
Encephalitis Antiviral, Acyclovir-Zovirax, will attack DNA plymerase |
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HSV 2
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Dorsal or Sacral ganglia are lysogenic site
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HSV 1 and 2
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The virus self regulates LAT's and goes into dormancy inside neurons
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Varicella-Zoster Virus
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DNA Enveloped Virus
Chickenpox primary Shingles/Zoster 2ndary transmitted by respiratory droplets cycle same as herpes |
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Herpes Cycle
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attaches to skin cells
migrates into cell nucleus and RNA polymerase makes viral DNA this happens in the endoplasmic reticulum exocytosis |
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Zoster
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can be repetitive
vesicular rash blisters can carry virus Live attenuated vaccine |
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Cytomegalovirus-CMV
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also in the herpes family
most common cause of congenital abnormalities in the US cycle is same as herpes It is in the endothelial cells for lytic and lysogenic cycles transmission early in the plancenta Children thru saliva Adults sexual activity 80% of adults had contact with CMV Pneumonia meningitis can infect different cell types |
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CMV
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in children can cause fever, malaise, and muscle pain
Is also a persistent infection worst abnormalities for fetus are in the 1st trimester. HIV can cause blindness |
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All Herpes virus are
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persistent/latent type of infections
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Epstein Barr Virus
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also known as kissing disease and mononucleopsis
lymphomas/leukemia and cancer can happen 30yrs later. you can shed virus up to 1yr after having disease Virus infects the B lymphocytes. Fever, sore throat, anorexia, and lethargy with spontaneous recovery in 2-3 weeks 80% of population has had contact with mono. a small % will develope integration of virus into genome. |
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Epstein Barr Virus
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Viral integration into DNA of host
Few members of herpes family can infect the genome of host causing cancer B ells are in lymph nodes and spleen Strep can be a 2ndary infection to mono. Once they start to die from lytic cycle the tonsils become enlarged and form a white biofilm |
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Epstein Barr Virus
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can take 6 mo. to fully recover. Initially you will have an immune deficiency. Lytic cycle is up to 3wks and will switch to lysogeny in B cells
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Human Papillomaviruses- HPV
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Naked DNA virus
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DNA Enveloped Virus'
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Herpes simplex type 1 and 2
Varicella zoster virus Cytomegalovirus/CMV Epstein Barr virus Herpes 8 - Kaposi's sarcoma- (HIV) |
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HPV
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Causes papillomas-benign tumor of skin/warts and cancer of the cervix and penis
30 HPV will reside in genital tract producing warts HPV 16 and 18 are assoc with cancer of the genitals. #'s 4 and 11 cause skin warts transmission skin to skin contact and genital contact. |
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Epidemic
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Incident and area
sharp increase in a defined geographic area |
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Endemic
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a predicted value; every year we expect a certain amount of flu cases, etc.
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Pandemic
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detected and documented cases in all continents.
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Uncoating
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virus' shes it's envelope
viruses exchange DNA pieces |
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HPV
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Gardasil vaccine
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RNA envelopes virus
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Influenza
has a segmented genome with 2 major molecules in the the envelope of H and N Hemagglutinin has 16variants Neuraminidase has 9variants their role is to find the host cell Combination of the H gene and N gene gives the identity of the virus isolate. |
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Influenza Antigenic Shift
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Exchange of pieces of DNA creating a new virus
may or may not have a high virulence for humans Infects any cell that has sialic acid 1. has to be in close proximity 2. has to be able to infect human 3. it has to adapt to infect human to human |
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Influenza
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transmission by airborne droplets
Mechanism of disease is lytic cycle in the lungs TX is Tamiflu prevention/Vaccine 2 isolates of A and 1 isolate of B |
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Influenza cycle
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attachment
endocytosis uncoating viral RNA translation ribosomes viral proteins endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus add lipid envelope from ER budding |
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RNA Virus'
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Naked-Enterovirus
Rhinovirus Rotavirus Hep A & E Norwalk (norovirus) |
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RNA Virus'
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Enveloped-Influenza
Hep C & D HTLV/Leukemia HIV |
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Viral agent features
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Genome is coded in DNA or RNA, never both at the same organism
Not all viruses have envelope Capsid is the protein shell that protects the genome Viruses are intracellular agents exclusively |
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It is true for Herpes Simplex virus
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Lack of cellular organelles
Produce a chronic type infection-in some women Production of a cellulose-based cell wall |
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Papilloma virus infection will predispose the host to cervical cancer, when
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Virus modify an oncogene p53, which is important to prevent cancer
Serotype 16 or 18 are involved in the infection Multiple and large lesions are present The host is also infected with HIV |
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Which mechanism can transmit Hep A virus is
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Sexual activity/oral/anal
French kissing Contaminated water Sharing fork during a meal |
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Explain how the transmission of Hep A and E differ from B,C, and D
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Hep B,C,D are persistent/chronic and are transmitted by birth, blood, and sexual activity
Hep A and E are oral fecal |
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Latent
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is a type of persistent and switches from lytic to lysogenic
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Giarda
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Parasite that infects as a cyst and changes into a trophozoite
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Giardia
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has a sucker which can attach to the intestinal wall. The parasites inhibits absorption of nutrietns
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Amebiases
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Entamoeba histolytica destroys tissue on intestinal walls Protozoa unicellular
transmission accidental consumption of fecally contaminated water or food. Parasitic form cyst can last in soil for years |
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Cryptosporidiosis
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in the water
food soil causes diarrhea lives in intestines of animals or humans ingest cyst-2parasites inside and will initiate a sexual reproduction extremely resistent-can survive for over a year. HIV pt more susceptible to acquiring cripto usually subsides in 5 days |
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Trichomonous vaginalis
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looks alot like giardia
discharge clear to green foul smelling Flagyl drug used for this parasite |
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Cutaneous Mycoses
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Ringworm
Tinea capitis Tinea pedis Tinea versicolor on surface of skin |
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Subcutaneous Mycoses
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Sporotrichosis-rose gardener disease, fungis that switches to yeast and forms granulomas
HIV patients can have disseminated disease |
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Itraconozole
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antifungal drug used to tx subcutaneous mycoses targeting the ergosterol synthesis which is a lipid on the membrane
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Systemic Mycoses
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Coccidioides-valley fever dimorphic fungi
Histoplasma-dimorphic fungi Blastomycosis-dimorphic fungi all three are from inhalation of spores TX with antifungals for immunosupressed pts |
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Opportunic Mycoses
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Candida-dimorphic
Cryptococcus-only yeast Aspergillus-only mold |
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Aspergillus
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Fungus ball in the lungs
and sinus' cavaties. |
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What's the antimicrobial action of Bacitracin drugs?
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It inhibits cell wall by inhibiting the transport of the wall's bricks into the cell namely peptidoglycan precursors
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What three groups of drugs are highly resistant to Betalactamases?
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Cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams
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What is the antimicrobial action of vancomycin?
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Weakens cell wall integrity causing cell lysis
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Which last resort drug can cause aplastic anemia?
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Chloramphenicol
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Why are Beta-lactam drugs only effective against growing bacteria?
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Because cell wall is only synthesized during bacterial growth and since cell wall is the target of the drugs, the drugs can't work unless the cell wall is being built.
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What is minimum inhibitory concentration?
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It is the lowest concentration of a drug that prevents bacterial growth.
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What are the four ways in which bacteria fight antimicrobials?
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Drug-inactivating enzymes, alteration in target molecules, decreased uptake of the drug, increased elimination of the drug.
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How can microbial drugs combat resistance through spontaneous mutation?
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By having more than one target, have multiple binding sites on a single target, or use multiple drugs at once.
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Not as susceptible to Beta-lactamases
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Carbapenems
Cephalasporins |
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Can be given to patients who are allergic to penicillin
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Macrolides
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Drugs when combined turn from bacteriostatic to bacterioside
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Streptogramins
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Treats mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Rifamycins
Pyrazinimide Ethambutol Isoniazid |
