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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What key discoveries helped Watson and Crick develop the double helix model? |
Franklin's X-ray Evidence (patterns of the X suggests that the DNA was a helix), Pauling's discovery that the structure of some proteins were a double helix, and Chargaff's Rules (same 4 bases are found in DNA of all organisms) |
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What did Chargaff's research lead to? |
The base pairing rules, adenine pairs with thymine, guanine pairs with cytosine |
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What is DNA packaging? |
DNA is wrapped around proteins called just ones and coiled up to form chromosomes |
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What are the parts of a nucleotide? |
The nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose (sugar), and a phosphate group |
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What is the DNA laddef made of? |
The rails are the nitrogenous bases and the backbone is deoxyribose |
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Describe replication |
1. DNA molecule unzips by the helicase 2. Nucleotide base pairs separate 3. Free floating nucleotides pair up with the exposed bases, DNA polymerase bonds them 4. Two identical daughter strands result, each with an old strand and a new strand |
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What does DNA polymerase do? |
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that forms bonds between nucleotides |
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What is the proof reading function in DNA replication? |
When the wrong nucleotide is added, the DNA polymerase will quickly remove it and replace it with the correct nucleotide |
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Why would a cell make a lot of rRNA but only one copy of DNA? |
A cell only needs to make one copy of DNA during replication but in order to make proteins the cell needs to produce hundreds of rRNA and tRNA |
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA? |
DNA - deoxyribose - double strands - thymine
RNA - extra oxygen so just ribose - single strand - uracil - can catalyze reactions |
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What is mRNA? |
Messenger RNA is a message translated o form a protein |
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What is tRNA? |
Transfer RNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to make proteins |
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What is rRNA? |
Ribosomal RNA forms part of the ribosomes |
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What is transcription? |
Transcription copies a DNA sequence to produce a complementary strand of mRNA and it takes place in the nucleus |
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What is translation? |
translation concerts an mRNA message into a polypeptide (CCU, UUC) and it takes place in the cytoplasm |
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How are nucleotides and amino acids different? |
Nucleotides make up DNA and Amino acids make up proteins |
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What is the connection between codons and amino acids? |
Codons code for amino acids |
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How does translation start? |
A codon attracts a tRNA (carrying methionine) that attatches |
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Where do translation, replication, and transcription occur? |
Replication: nucleus Transcription: nucleus Translation: cytoplasm |
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Where do translation, replication, and transcription occur? |
Replication: nucleus Transcription: nucleus Translation: cytoplasm |
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What is the relationship between genes and proteins? |
Genes contain codes for proteins |
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Where do translation, replication, and transcription occur? |
Replication: nucleus Transcription: nucleus Translation: cytoplasm |
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What is the relationship between genes and proteins? |
Genes contain codes for proteins |
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What are frame shift mutations? |
Frame shift mutations add or delete a nucleotide |
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Where do translation, replication, and transcription occur? |
Replication: nucleus Transcription: nucleus Translation: cytoplasm |
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What is the relationship between genes and proteins? |
Genes contain codes for proteins |
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What are frame shift mutations? |
Frame shift mutations add or delete a nucleotide |
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What are point mutations? |
Point mutations usually happen when a nucleotide is substituted for another, usually an error that is corrected by polymerase |
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Where do translation, replication, and transcription occur? |
Replication: nucleus Transcription: nucleus Translation: cytoplasm |
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What is the relationship between genes and proteins? |
Genes contain codes for proteins |
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What are frame shift mutations? |
Frame shift mutations add or delete a nucleotide |
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What are point mutations? |
Point mutations usually happen when a nucleotide is substituted for another, usually an error that is corrected by polymerase |
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What has the bigger impact, frameshift or point mutations? |
Frameshift because it shifts the entire sequence over causing different amino acids for everything |
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What is DNA? |
A molecule that stores genetic information |
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What is a nucleotide? |
A monomer that forms DNA |
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What is a nucleotide? |
A monomer that forms DNA |
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What is the central dogma? |
Information flows in one direction (DNA > RNA > Proteins) |
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What is a nucleotide? |
A monomer that forms DNA |
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What is the central dogma? |
Information flows in one direction (DNA > RNA > Proteins) |
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What is RNA? |
A chain of nucleotides, a temporary copy of DNA |
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What is a nucleotide? |
A monomer that forms DNA |
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What is the central dogma? |
Information flows in one direction (DNA > RNA > Proteins) |
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What is RNA? |
A chain of nucleotides, a temporary copy of DNA |
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What is a codon? |
Three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid |
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What is a nucleotide? |
A monomer that forms DNA |
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What is the central dogma? |
Information flows in one direction (DNA > RNA > Proteins) |
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What is RNA? |
A chain of nucleotides, a temporary copy of DNA |
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What is a codon? |
Three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid |
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What is an anticodon? |
3 nucleotides that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
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What is an amino acid? |
A molecule that makes proteins |
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What is an amino acid? |
A molecule that makes proteins |
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What is a start/stop codon? |
The start or end of an amino acid chain (start = AUG and stop = VAG) |
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What is an amino acid? |
A molecule that makes proteins |
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What is a start/stop codon? |
The start or end of an amino acid chain (start = AUG and stop = VAG) |
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What is a mutation? |
A change in the order in which codons are read (this may impact the resulting protein) |
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What is an amino acid? |
A molecule that makes proteins |
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What is a start/stop codon? |
The start or end of an amino acid chain (start = AUG and stop = VAG) |
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What is a mutation? |
A change in the order in which codons are read (this may impact the resulting protein) |
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What is a mutagen? |
An agent in the environment that can change DNA and cause mutations |
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What is an example of a mutagen? |
UV Light |
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What is an example of a mutagen? |
UV Light |
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How are mutagens incorporated into the DNA? |
Some mutagens look like nucleotides and can get incorporated into the DNA strand without being fixed by the polymerase |
