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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mendel
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studied patterns of trait inheritance (with pea plants)
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Friedrich Miescher
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swiss biologist, discovered deoxyribonucleic acid
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Devries, Correns, Tschermak
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independently rediscovered Mendels work
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Hardy & Weinberg
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laws of population genetics
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Morgan
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'genes' are found on chromosomes
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Griffith
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first transformation experiment, DNA could be the genetic stuff
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Beadle & Tatum
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'one genes codes for one polypeptide chain'
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Avery, McLeod, McCarty
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1th to prove DNA is the genetic stuff
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Chargaff
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T=A, C=G
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Hershey & Chase
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second to prove DNA is the genetic stuff
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Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin
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determined DNA is a double helix
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Meselson & Stahl
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proved DAN replicated semi-conservatively
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Nirenberg & Khorana
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broke the genetic language code
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whats the difference between a trait and an allel?
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trait: actual thing (eye color)
allel: different flavors(blue, green, brown) |
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3 names of the 'acid' found by Miescher:
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nuclein
nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid |
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what do population genetics explain?
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how recessive traits stay constant in a stable population
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what is a polypeptide?
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chain of amino acids, fundamental building blocks of proteins
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what was Watson, Crick, Franklin, & Wilkin's work published in?
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Nature
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what kind of reaction links together amino acids?
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dehydration synthesis (condensation)
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Definition of transformation:
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alter genes or an organism by incorporating DNA from an outside source
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what bacteria cauases pnemonia?
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Streptococcus pnemonia
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describe "S"
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smooth, virulent, polysaccharide slime coat covering recognition glycoproteins, can't be detected by immune system
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describe "R"
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rough, non virulent, no polysicaahride coat, detected by immune system and is killed before taking over
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why does "R" not have a slime coat?
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deletion mutation
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what happens when:
"S" alive in mouse? "R" alive in mouse? "S" dead in mouse? "S" dead + "R" alive in mouse? |
dies
lives lives dies |
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the ability for "R" to make slime coats is becuase of what?
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the transforming factor
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RNase stands for:
which: |
ribonuclease, kills RNA
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DNase stands for:
which: |
deoxyribonuclease, kills DNA
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4 characteristics of a transforming factor (Avery, McLeod, McCarty)
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centrifugation, electrophoress, spectophotometry, chemical analysis
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what was proved with centrifugation?
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the t.f. had an extremely high molecular weight
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what was proved with electrophoresis?
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t.f. moved rapidly so it carries a long ionic charge
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what was proved with the spectophotometry?
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t.f. absorbs UV light the best at 260 nm
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what did the chemical analysis prove?
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nitrogen:phosphorus was 1.67:1
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% thymine= ?
% cytosine= ? |
% adenine
% guanine |
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whos work did Chargaff prove wrong? what did he say?
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Levine, that all 4 bases were equal in consentration
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what are the only two amino acids that contain sulfur?
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methionine & cysteine
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what are all viruses?
which means? |
obligate parasites, they must be inside another cell to copy
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what kind of virus attacks bacteria?
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phage/bacteriophage
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2 things a virus is made of:
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nucleic acid, protein capsid
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nucleic acid inside of a virus can be:
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DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, ring (prokaryote) or linear (eukaryote)
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what were the 2 iostopes used by Hershey and Chase? and what did they tag?
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P32- acids
S35- proteins |
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what did Franklin used to show the DNA shape?
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x-ray crystallography
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2 kinds of nitrogen used by Meselson and Stahl:
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N14- 'light' nitrogrn
N15- 'heavy' nitrogen |
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what molecule was used to represent the densities of DNA?
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CsCl isotopes
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what were the 3 ideas of how DNA replicates?
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conservative, semi-conservative, dispersive
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what was the conservative theory?
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the double helix of the parent stays in tact and a new double helix is copied off the parent strand
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what was the semi-conservative theory?
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one strand of the parent DNA separates from the other, each daughter cell gets one copy from the parent and one new strand is made
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what was the dispersive theory?
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each of the 2 strands is segmented apart and each daughter cell gets parts of old and new strands
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describe nitrogen experiment:
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bacteria made of N15, let bacteria replictae twice (in only N14), put in centrifuge
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which theory of replication was proved correct?
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semi-conservatives
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what part of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
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synthesis
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how much energy is required to break one hydrogen bond?
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2 phosphate2
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what enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds?
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helicase
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how many replicating bubbles are in prokaryotes?
in eukaryotes? |
one
many |
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how fast can eukaryotes build new DNA?
prokaryotes? |
50 nucleotides/second
500 nucleotides/second |
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why do eukaryotes take so long to replicate?
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because they check for mutations
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what enzyme breaks the "ladder" of the DNA? why? what are these bonds calles?
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topoisomerase, to relieve stress in the DNA, phosphodiester bonds
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which way does DNA replicate?
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bi-directional (both ways)
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what are the points on the ladder of DNA where the hydrogen bonds between the bases are being opened?
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replicating forks
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what carbon do nucleotides join onto?
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3'
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what direction does DNA always build? (?'-?')
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5'-3'
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when does an RNA primer get placed on DNA?
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when the 3' OH is missing
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what is the enzyme that places the RNA primer?
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RNA primase
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how long is an RNA primer?
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10-12 nucleotides
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what enzyme 'cuts' out the RNA primer nucleotides?
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excision endonuclease
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which enzyme places, replaces, and checks DNA nucleotides?
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polymerase
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which enzyme 'patches' up the phosphodiester bonds?
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DNA ligase
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what is the name of the strand that builds continuously?
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leading strand
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what is the name of the strand that needs multiple RNA primers place on it?
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lagging strand
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what are the short little fragments of DNA called?
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Okazaki fragments
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how long is an average Okazaki frangment in a prokaroyote?
eukaryote? |
1000-2000 nucleotides
100-200 nucleotides |
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what is placed in the DNA to stop the newly broken DNA sides to close back up?
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single stranded binding proteins
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which enzyme uses the 2 phosphates for energy to rebuild the DNA?
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polymerase
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what is the name for the thing that holds the 2 sides of the DNA polymerase together?
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dimer
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where are the single-strand binding proteins always located?
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between the helicase and polymerase
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what is always ahead of the helicase?
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topoisomerase
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what is the name for 'mitosis' of prokaryotes?
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binary fision
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what is the simple name of bacteria replication?
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theta replication
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what is it called when bacteria have sex?
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conjugation
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what is the long thing that injects the bacteria?
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pilus
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what are the short spike on the bacteria called?
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fimbrae
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what are fimbrae used for?
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sticking to surfaces
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what are the extra circles of DNA in bacteria called?
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plasmids
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how many genes does each plasmid usually have? how many is there in a rare case?
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2-10
30 |
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how many plasmids can each cell have?
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50+
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what are episomes?
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when the plasmids pop into the bacterial chromosomes
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when do plasmids replicate?
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some when the ring chromosome replicates, some on their own schedule
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what are 2 important genes some plasmids carry?
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drug resistance
fertility factor |
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what method of replication is used when bacteria conjugate?
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rolling circle
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what is a cell called when it has the fertility factor?
when it doesn't? what are the 'sexes' or these? what does this factor allow the bacteria to do? |
F+ has it, male
F= doesn't have it, female grow a pilus |
