Dmmc I Lq Msi Flashcards

Front 1

this is the physiological system that functions to produce motion of the body as a whole or of the component parts

Back 1

movement system

Front 2

what is believed to be the cause of pain in a movement system syndrome?

Back 2

a subtle alteration in the precision of joint movement (accessory motion)

Front 3

what four things must you do when dealing with a movement system syndrome?

Back 3

(1) identify the cause of dysfunction
(2) identify the contributing factors
(3) organize and cluster specific tissue and movement impairments
(4) provide a direction of intervention

Front 4

in movement system syndromes, the mechanical factor (movement) that results in tissue irritation (e.g. femoral anterior glide, tibiofemoral rotation syndromes)

Back 4

cause

Front 5

in movement system syndromes, the tissue or pathoanatomical structure that is symptomatic (e.g. iliopsoas tendinitis, patellofemoral dysfunction)

Back 5

source

Front 6

musculoskeletal pain is primarily __, and is therefore modifiable

Back 6

mechanical

Front 7

during childhood, what is the main goal with regards to the movement system?

Back 7

to optimize development

Front 8

during the teenage and young adult years, what is the main goal with regards to the movement system?

Back 8

minimize injury

Front 9

during adult to old age, what is the main goal with regards to the movement system?

Back 9

slow degenerative changes

Front 10

another word for the movement inducing the system pathology

Back 10

kinesiopathology

Front 11

another word for the pathology inducing the movement impairment

Back 11

pathokinesiology

Front 12

can also be described as the susceptibility to movement in a specific direction

Back 12

movement system impairment

Front 13

in lumbar flexion, what muscles are long and what muscles are short?

Back 13

long back extensors, short abdominals and hamstrings

Front 14

in lumbar flexion, which way is the pelvis tilted?

Back 14

posterior tilt

Front 15

what position are the hips in in lumbar flexion?

Back 15

hip extension

Front 16

this is determined by the motion direction or alignment that most consistently elicits symptoms and when corrected, decreases symptoms

Back 16

movement system impairment/syndrome

Front 17

in lumbar extension, which way is the pelvis tilted?

Back 17

anteriorly

Front 18

what muscles are short/long in lumbar extension syndrome?

Back 18

short hip flexors and back extensors, long abdominals

Front 19

what are the two main causes of movement system impairments?

Back 19

repeated movements and prolonged postures

Front 20

what are three adaptations in muscle as a result of repeated movements and prolonged postures?

Back 20

(1) strength
(2) length
(3) stiffness

Front 21

what are two adaptations to joints that occur as a result of repeated movements and prolonged postures?

Back 21

(1) flexibility
(2) degenerative changes

Front 22

what are the most affected segments of the cervical spine in degeneration of cervical discs and those that move with greatest frequency and range of motion?

Back 22

C4, C5

Front 23

failure to develop the expected levle of active muscle tension

Back 23

weakness

Front 24

what is the underlying muscular (contractile element) change when a muscle becomes weak?

Back 24

decreased sarcomeres in parallel

Front 25

how many weeks is required to hypertrophy a muscle?

Back 25

4-6 weeks

Front 26

what is improved performance before a muscle hypertrophies attributed to?

Back 26

augmented recruitment

Front 27

when muscles are maintained in a lengthened position, what is the contractile element change?

Back 27

sarcomeres added in series

Front 28

when a muscle is maintained in a lengthened position, in which direction is the length tension curve of that muscle shifted?

Back 28

to the right

Front 29

would a muscle that is maintained in a lengthened position test weak or strong in the shortened position?

Back 29

weak

Front 30

when a muscle is maintained in a shortened position, in which direction is the active/passive length tension curve of that muscle shifted?

Back 30

to the left

Front 31

what is often the compensation/movement impairment developed when one muscle in a pair of synergistic muscles develops shortness?

Back 31

rotation

Front 32

what are the three main phases of degenerative disorders?

Back 32

(1) temporary dysfunction
(2) segmental instability/hypermobility
(3) hypomobility

Front 33

Most often, what type of movement is the directional susceptibiility for movement in a movement impairment?

Back 33

acessory/arthrokinematic

Front 34

herniated discs are often induced by what type of low back movement impairment?

Back 34

flexion-rotation

Front 35

spinal stenosis is often induced by what type of low back impairment?

Back 35

extension

Front 36

spondylolisthesis is often induced by what type of low back impairment?

Back 36

extension

Front 37

what are the two primary ways to treat a low back movement system impairment?

Back 37

(1) prevent the movement in the painful direction
(2) correct the tissue adaptations that are contributing to the segments DSM (interrupt the vicious cycle)

Front 38

this test is the one that is performed first, and is the way that the patient would normally perform it

Back 38

primary

Front 39

this test is the one that is performed after the patient complains of pain, and stabilizes the movement to try to correct it and modify the symptoms

Back 39

secondary

Front 40

how many degrees should the hips flex in forward bend?

Back 40

70º

Front 41

what are the five low back pain movement system impairments?

Back 41

(1) lumbar flexion
(2) lumbar extension
(3) lumbar rotation
(4) lumbar rotation with flexion
(5) lumbar rotation with extension

Front 42

what muscle is short/stiff in lumbar rotation syndrome?

Back 42

TFL

Front 43

how much ROM total is possible in all 5 lumbar segments?

Back 43

12º (only 2-3 in each segment)

Front 44

what three movements of the spine are associated with a rotation impairment?

Back 44

(1) rotation
(2) sidebending
(3) lateral shift

Front 45

the length of what muscle is being tested in the sitting knee extension test?

Back 45

hamstrings

Front 46

the length of what muscle is being tested in the unilateral hip and knee flexion test?

Back 46

gluteus maximus

Front 47

in a kypholordosis posture, which muscles are short/long?

Back 47

short pec minor and rectus abdominis; long thoracic extensors

Front 48

in a lordotic posture, which muscles are short/long?

Back 48

short back extensors and hip flexors; long abdominals

Front 49

if the right hip is relatively adducted, which muscles are short and long?

Back 49

short (R) hip adductors
long (R) hip abductors

Front 50

if the left hip is relatively abducted, which muscles are short and long?

Back 50

short (L) abductors
long (L) adductors

Front 51

this property of a muscle is its resistance to passive stretch

Back 51

muscle stiffness

Front 52

is a larger muscle usually more or less stiff?

Back 52

more stiff

Front 53

what are two possible sources of muscle stiffness (series elastic components)?

Back 53

(1) intracellular connective tissue proteins (titin)
(2) extracellular matrix

Front 54

hypertrophy of a muscle increases its __ tension

Back 54

passive

Front 55

this type of tension provides control of segments and reduces demands for active tension for "control"; requires optimal length and relative tension

Back 55

passive tension

Front 56

what are three patterns of motor control adaptation that can occur in a movement system impairment?

Back 56

(1) alteration in recruitment of synergists
(2) alteration in recruitment of stabilizing muscles
(3) alteration in pattern of cessation

Front 57

law states that bony structures orient themselves in form and mass to best resist extrinsic forces

Back 57

Wolff's law

Front 58

if the right iliac crest is higher than the left, what muscles are short/long?

Back 58

short left TFL/ITB (abductors)
long right posterior glut med (abductor)

Front 59

if a muscle is long, does it test stronger or weaker in its lengthened position?

Back 59

stronger

Front 60

if a muscle is long, does it test stronger or weaker in a shortened position?

Back 60

weaker (because of overlap of sarcomeres)

Front 61

how would you work a long muscle, in a shortened or lengthened position?

Back 61

shortened

Front 62

if a muscle is short, does it test stronger or weaker in a shortened position?

Back 62

stronger

Front 63

the body takes the path of least resistance; therefore, if you stabilize the part that is moving too much and you are still able to elicit normal movement, is the muscle short or relatively stiff?

Back 63

relatively stiff

Front 64

the body takes the path of least resistance; therefore, if you stabilize the part of the body that is moving too much and you see limited ROM, is that muscle short or relatively stiff?

Back 64

short

Front 65

how much lumbar flexion/movement do you want to see when someone is performing a forward bend?

Back 65

20-21 degrees

Front 66

if the hips are relatively stiff, how would someone move during forward bending?

Back 66

the back would do the majority of motion in the first 50% of the forward bend

Front 67

should the hips or lumbar spine lead the return from forward bending?

Back 67

hips

Front 68

which person has more pain, the one with relative stiffness or shortness?

Back 68

relative stiffness

Front 69

the unilateral hip and knee flexion test is a test for the lenght of what muscle?

Back 69

gluteus maximus

Front 70

what is the normal length of the gluteus maximus?

Back 70

120-125 degrees

Front 71

pelvic rotation is considered excessive during the unilateral hip and knee flexion test if it exceeds __ inches

Back 71

.5 inches

Front 72

the straight leg raise is a test of the length of what muscle?

Back 72

hamstrings

Front 73

if someone has pain in sidelying, what would be the secondary test to see if their symptoms can be alleviated?

Back 73

put a towel rull under their spine

Front 74

what muscle/structure is the modified ober test testing the length of?

Back 74

TFL/ITband

Front 75

if a person has pain in prone, what would be the secondary test to see if their symptoms can be alleviated?

Back 75

place a pillow under stomach/hips

Front 76

if a person moves in their lumbar spine during the prone knee flexion test, what would be the statement of relative flexibility?

Back 76

the lumbar spine is relatively more flexible than the rectus femoris (the rectus femoris is relatively more stiff than the lumbar spine)

Front 77

what is the normal length of the rectus femoris as seen in the prone knee flexion test?

Back 77

10-20 degrees past 90

Front 78

if someone has more pain in sitting than in standing, what movement impairment would you suspect?

Back 78

flexion

Front 79

the knee extension in sitting test assesses the length of what muscle?

Back 79

hamstrings

Front 80

the dorsiflexion during knee extension in sitting test assesses the length of what muscle?

Back 80

gastroc

Front 81

in the single leg stance standing movement test, what three things are you monitoring for?

Back 81

(1) pelvic rotation
(2) hip medial rotation on stance leg
(3) hip drop

Front 82

in the partial squat standing movement test, what two things are you monitoring for?

Back 82

(1) knee adduction/MR (how well does the knee align over the 2nd toe?)
(2) arch height change (foot rigid if it doesn't decrease)

Front 83

during the knee extension in sitting movement test, what two things are you monitoring for?

Back 83

(1) lumbar rotation
(2) lumbar flexion

Front 84

if a patient is symptomatic in supine and you place a pillow under their knees and their symptoms decrease, what possible movement impairment could they have?

Back 84

lumbar extension

Front 85

if a person has symptoms in supine and you place a pillow under their knees and their symptoms increase, what possible movement impairment could they have?

Back 85

lumbar flexion

Front 86

a positive anterior glide during the straight leg raise test may indicate under-utilization of what muscle?

Back 86

iliopsoas

Front 87

during the modified ober test, what 3 things are you monitoring for?

Back 87

(1) pelvic lateral tilt
(2) hip medial rotation
(3) hip flexion

Front 88

in the hip extension with knee extension test, what three things are you monitoring for?

Back 88

(1) lumbar spine extension/rotation
(2) hamstrings dominate the first 1/2 of motion
(3) greater trochanter dropping down anteriorly

Front 89

what muscle would be considered short during shoulder flexion against the wall if the person's lumbar spine is corrected and there is limited shoulder ROM?

Back 89

latissimus dorsi

Front 90

individuals with this syndrome move with impaired rotation at the knee joint; it is characterized by pain around the knee cap and/or in the knee joint line

Back 90

tibiofemoral rotation syndrome

Front 91

for someone with extension syndrome, when moving in bed, what is an important movement to avoid?

Back 91

bridging/arching the back

Front 92

during exercises for correction of a movement impairment sndrome, the emphasis is on __ in performance, which facilitates participation of muscle groups that have been less active because of the substitution of synergistic muscles

Back 92

precision

Front 93

what are the two most common problems in movement system impairments?

Back 93

(1) reduced flexibility of the hip muscles
(2) poor stability provided by trunk muscles

Front 94

the pain with this femoral syndrome is in the groin, especially with standing or hip flexion (aching whole hip)

Back 94

anterior glide with medial rotation

Front 95

the pain with this femoral syndrome is deep hip pain; aching whole hip with sitting or sports

Back 95

posterior glide with medial rotation

Front 96

the pain with this femoral syndrome is deep hip/groin pain with weight bearing activities

Back 96

multi-accessory hypermobility

Front 97

the key test findings with this femoral syndrome include positive anterior glide signs, wide arc lateral rotation, and the hip is high in quadruped

Back 97

anterior glide with medial rotation

Front 98

the key test findings with this femoral syndrome include hip medial rotation, easy hip flexion, low hip in quadruped, protruding femoral head

Back 98

posterior glide with medial rotation

Front 99

the key test findings for this femoral syndrome include positive anterior and posterior glide signs, femoral medial rotation with sitting knee extension, and femoral lateral rotation with prone knee flexion

Back 99

multiaccessory hypoermobility

Front 100

the muscle impairments with this femoral syndrome include stiff hamstrings, a long, weak, painful iliopsoas and posterior hip muscles

Back 100

anterior glide

Front 101

the muscle impairments with this femoral syndrome include flexible hamstrings and long, weak intrinsic lateral rotators

Back 101

posterior glide

Front 102

the muscle impairments with this femoral syndrome include short stiff hamstrings and short stiff quads

Back 102

multiaccessory hypermobility

Front 103

for both of these femoral diagnoses, quadruped rocking backward is contraindicated

Back 103

(1) posterior glide with medial rotation
(2) multiaccessory hypermobility

Front 104

for this femoral diagnosis, quadruped rocking backward is indicated, while straight leg raises are contraindicated

Back 104

femoral anterior glide with medial rotation

Front 105

this knee MSI is associated with impaired motion at the tibiofemoral joint, pain at the joint line or peripatellar, and pain associated with tibiofemoral rotation

Back 105

tibiofemoral rotation (with valgus or varus)

Front 106

what are three treatments recommended for someone with tibiofemoral rotation syndrome?

Back 106

(1) strengthen hip lateral rotators and abductors
(2) improve extensibility of the TFL-ITB
(3) posterior X taping

Front 107

what is something that needs to be addressed in someone that has tibiofemoral rotation with valgus?

Back 107

pronation at the foot

Front 108

what is something that needs to be improved in someone that has tibiofemoral rotation with varus?

Back 108

shock absorption (a heel to toe foot pattern)

Front 109

this knee MSI is associated with physioloigical loss of ROM at the tibiofemoral joint; pain is deep in the joint with weight earing that decreases with rest, and stiffness is present

Back 109

tibiofemoral hypomobility

Front 110

what two muscles need to be strengthened in someone with tibiofemoral hypomobility?

Back 110

gluteus maximus and gastrocs

Front 111

what muscles' extensibility needs to be improved in someone with tibiofemoral hypomobility?

Back 111

hip flexors

Front 112

in this knee MSI, there is pain at the suprapatellar tendon with knee extension, which could be associated with either the quadriceps tendon or bursa

Back 112

knee extension

Front 113

in someone with knee extension syndrome, the recruitment of what muscle group needs to be decreased, but also needs to be made more extensible?

Back 113

quadriceps

Front 114

what muscles' performance needs to be improved in someone with knee extension syndrome?

Back 114

hip extensors

Front 115

in what direction should someone with knee extension syndrome shift their weight?

Back 115

anteriorly

Front 116

in this knee syndrome, the pain is located at the infrapatellar tendon, or peripatellar, and is associated with dominance of the quadriceps muscle

Back 116

knee extension with superior glide

Front 117

what three things are indicated as treatment in someone with knee extension with superior glide syndrome?

Back 117

(1) mobilization into inferior glide
(2) horseshoe taping of the patella
(3) Chopat strap if the source is the patellar tendon

Front 118

this knee MSI is associated with dominance of the hamstrings; the pain location is anterior or posterior jointline, or peripatellar

Back 118

knee hyperextension

Front 119

what two muscle groups need to gain improved performance in someone with knee hyperextension syndrome?

Back 119

quadriceps and gluteals

Front 120

what two muscles need to gain improved extensibility in someone with knee hyperextension syndrome?

Back 120

hamstrings and gastroc

Front 121

what two types of taping are indicated in someone with knee hyperextension syndrome?

Back 121

(1) posterior X taping
(2) unloader V taping (if fat pad source)

Front 122

this knee MSI is associated with impaired alignment or tracking of the patella in the trochlear groove, and pain is peripatellar

Back 122

patellar lateral glide

Front 123

what knee movement needs to be limited in someone with patellar lateral glide syndrome?

Back 123

prolonged knee flexion

Front 124

what muscle group's performance needs to be improved in someone with patellar lateral glide syndrome?

Back 124

quadriceps

Front 125

what muscle's extensibility needs to be improved in someone with patellar lateral glide syndrome?

Back 125

TFL

Front 126

what mobilization is indicated for someone with patellar lateral glide syndrome?

Back 126

medial glide

Front 127

this knee MSI is associated with excessive motion at the tibiofemoral joint; may or may not have pain, and there is a feeling of instability or giving way

Back 127

tibiofemoral accessory hypermobility

Front 128

what four treatments are indicated in someone with tibiofemoral accessory hypermobility?

Back 128

(1) neuromuscular retraining
(2) strengthening LE musculature
(3) posterior X taping
(4) consider bracing

Front 129

this knee MSI is associated with no movement system impairment or unable to perform a movement examination as in cases of acute trauma or post-surgery; pain is associated with trauma or surgery

Back 129

knee impairment

Front 130

what three things need to be improved in someone with a knee impairment in order to heal the involved structure?

Back 130

(1) range of motion
(2) strength
(3) neuromuscular control

Front 131

this stage of MSI treatment for someone with a knee impairment is focused on tissue protection to reduce stress to the injured structure

Back 131

Stage 1

Front 132

this stage of MSI treatment in someone with a knee impairment is focused on gradual progression of activities to gradually increase stress to the structure without imposing new injury

Back 132

stage 2

Front 133

this stage of the MSI treatment for someone with a knee impairment is focused on tissue stress progression to prepare the tissue for return to normal activities

Back 133

stage 3

Front 134

what is the most common movement direction that contributes to low back syndrome?

Back 134

rotation

Front 135

if a person has pain during the hip flexion phase when walking and going up stairs, what should they do to prevent lumbar extension?

Back 135

tighten their abdominals

Front 136

when a person has pain in the foot strike/putting their foot on the step in walking and going up stairs, what are two things you should look for?

Back 136

lateral pelvic tilt or pelvic rotation

Front 137

when a person has pain during the hip/knee extension phase during walking and going up stairs, what should they do in order to decrease this pain?

Back 137

pull with their hand on the handrail

Front 138

what are five treatments for someone who has femoral anterior glide syndrome?

Back 138

(1) quadruped rocking backward
(2) iliopsoas strength progression
(3) overpressure with hip flexion
(4) prevent MR during knee extension, other motions
(5) strengthen the hip lateral rotators and posterior glut med

Front 139

what are two possible treatments for someone who has hip adduction with medial rotation?

Back 139

(1) work on controlling adduction and MR during all functional activities
(2) progressively strengthen gluteals and lateral rotators

Front 140

what two muscle groups' performance needs to be improved in someone with a hip extension with knee extension impairment?

Back 140

gluteus maximus and quadriceps

Front 141

what muscle group needs to be gently strengthened in someone with a hip extension with knee extension impairment?

Back 141

hamstrings (gently strengthen eccentrically)

Front 142

in someone with a hip extension with knee extension impairment, during gait, which way should they shift their weight?

Back 142

anteriorly

Front 143

an alignment impairment is said to be __ if the impairments match up, and when you correct one impairment, the others will also be corrected

Back 143

non-structural

Front 144

an alignment impairment is said to be __ if the impairments do not match up, and when you correct one impairment, the others will get worse

Back 144

structural

Front 145

if the lumbar spine were more flexible into flexion than the hips in standing forward bend, what are two other tests in the exam where you will see this same impairment?

Back 145

(1) quadruped rocking backward
(2) passive unilateral hip and knee flexion

Front 146

if a subject has both muscle shortness and stiffness in the hip flexors, which one is of more concern, and why?

Back 146

sitffness, because it may cause a compensatory motion or movement impairment at other joints, and this is usually the site that becomes painful

Front 147

if the TFL-ITB is most involved in the hip flexor length test, what three other tests could come out positive?

Back 147

(1) Modified ober test
(2) prone knee flexion-abducting of the hip
(3) prone hip lateral rotation (lateral rotation ROM is more limited when hip in neutral and increases when hip abducted)

Front 148

if the rectus femoris is the most involved in the hip flexor length test, what other test might come out positive?

Back 148

prone knee flexion test

Front 149

if the iliopsoas is the most involved in the hip flexor length test, what three things should you have probably seen in the subject's standing alignment?

Back 149

(1) possible lumbar lordosis
(2) hip joint flexion
(3) anterior pelvic tilt

Front 150

what muscle test would you expect to find weakness in if the person's iliopsoas is the most involved in the hip flexor length test?

Back 150

lower abdominals

Front 151

what is the best way to stretch a short iliopsoas?

Back 151

hold one knee to chest, contract lower abdominals, and then extend/slide the involved leg (working low abs in short position while stretching iliopsoas)

Front 152

in prone knee flexion and rotation, what two impairments would be seen as a reason to prescribe these two exercises as part of a home program?

Back 152

(1) lumbar extension
(2) lumbar rotation

Front 153

what two movements are positive indication during the supine unilateral hip and knee flexion test?

Back 153

lumbopelvic rotation
lumbar extension

Front 154

if the supine unilateral hip and knee flexion test is positive, is it more an issue of stiffness, shortness, or recruitment?

Back 154

recruitment-the abdominals are not coming in to stabilize the spine when the iliopsoas is recruited

Front 155

by performing the posterior glut med/hip lateral rotation progression, what three things are is the patient accomplishing?

Back 155

(1) shortening/strengthening the long hip LRs and posterior glut med
(2) lengthening/stretching TFL
(3) increasing low ab control

Front 156

if the TFL-ITB is short, what are four possible exercises you would consider giving the subject to stretch this muscle?

Back 156

(1) prone knee flexion
(2) hip flexor length test position-extend one hip with abduction, then bring into adduction keeping tibia neutral
(3) use posterior glut med progression, including stretching TFL on lowering
(4) prone hip lateral rotation

Front 157

what is the best strategy to correct compensatory lumbar flexion or rotation during the sitting knee extension test?

Back 157

having the patient practice sitting knee extension with control of the lumbar extensors

Front 158

if dorsiflexion ROM is limited with the knee flexed in the sitting knee extension test, what are the two possible explanations?

Back 158

(1) the soleus is short
(2) it's a joint limitation

Front 159

if the patient loses ROM when the knee is extended compared to flexed in the sitting knee extension test, what muscle is short?

Back 159

gastrocnemius

Front 160

in quadruped, what angle should the hips be at?

Back 160

90º of flexion

Front 161

what are two cues you would use for someone in quadruped doing the unilateral arm raise to prevent the movement impairment from occurring?

Back 161

(1) push with opposite hand into surface toward ipsilateral knee
(2) mild abdominal contraction to stabilize rotation

Front 162

by pushing with the opposite hand into the surface toward the ipsilateral knee during unilateral shoulder flexion in quadruped, what muscle's pull is being stabilized?

Back 162

latissimus dorsi

Front 163

what is the index of the functional status of the movement system?

Back 163

PICR

Front 164

what is the major determinant of the PICR?

Back 164

muscle balance (balance of force couples about a joint)

Front 165

what is the most common movement impairment associated with movement system diagnoses?

Back 165

rotation

Front 166

in the kinesiopathological model, what is meant by the base elements of movement?

Back 166

musculoskeletal system (muscle strength, length, stiffness, etc)

Front 167

the body takes the path of least resistance. What concept in the MSI theory does this describe?

Back 167

relative flexibility/stiffness

Front 168

True or false: if a person in standing performs forward bending and you obersve that he moves in the back more readily than in the hips during the first half of the movement, you can assume the hamstrings are short.

Back 168

false-they may be relatively more stiff, but not necessarily TRULY short

Front 169

an adapative change (shortening) in the actual length of the muscle

Back 169

true shortness

Front 170

a property within a muscle related to thixotrophy and titin; can occur with normal, shortened, or lengthened muscle

Back 170

stiffness

Front 171

which property of muscle has the greatest impact on relative flexibility?

Back 171

stiffness

Front 172

what is a prerequisite for precise movement?

Back 172

a balance of the muscles acting about a joint

Front 173

What are three faulty ways to perform hip abduction?

Back 173

(1) using the TFL (hip abd. with MR and flexion)
(2) using lateral trunk musculature (pelvis hiking)
(3) in standing, sidebending of the trunk on contralateral side

Front 174

True or false-the focus for correction of movement impairments should first be on strengthening and then on restoring more ideal muscle length

Back 174

false-correction should focus on restoring normal length, specifically shortening what's too long

Front 175

You have a patient who stands in a lordosis with anterior pelvic tilt and hip joint flexion. You have determined that he has short hip flexors (iliopsoas and TFL). A corrective program to stretch his hip flexors will not improve his alignment unless he shortens what muscle group?

Back 175

lower abdominals (external obliques)

Front 176

what is the aligment in the sagittal plane of the low lumbar spine, pelvis and hip joint in a swayback posture?

Back 176

lumbar spine is flexed/flat
pelvis is in posterior tilt
hip in extension

Front 177

What muscles may be too long in the swayback posture?

Back 177

external obliques, iliopsoas, thoracic and lumbar back extensors

Front 178

What muscles may be too short in a swayback posture?

Back 178

possibly TFL-ITB, rectus femoris
possibly hamstrings and gluteus maximus
OFTEN rectus abdominis

Front 179

True or false-rocking forward on your hands and knees is generally the best exercise for effective stretching of shortened internal and external oblique muscles.

Back 179

false-the better exercise is either standing against wall with arms oerhead and then sidebending or the same starting position and taking a deep breath

Front 180

what are four faults that are associated with hyperextended knees?

Back 180

(1) weak quadriceps
(2) long anterior tibialis
(3) short gastroc/soleus
(4) tibial bowing in the sagittal plane
(short hamstrings SOMETIMES but not always)

Front 181

in the forward head position, what muscles are short and strong?

Back 181

neck extensors

Front 182

in the forward head position, what muscles are elongated and weak?

Back 182

the anterior vertebral neck flexors

Front 183

what is the neutral position of the pelvis most often defined as?

Back 183

the ASISs and pubic symphysis in the same vertical plane

Front 184

how far should the heels normally be separated in standing?

Back 184

3 inches

Front 185

how many degrees should a person normally out-toe in standing?

Back 185

8-10º

Front 186

a combination of pronation and forefoot abduction

Back 186

eversion

Front 187

a combination of supination and forefoot adduction

Back 187

inversion

Front 188

the foot tends to move __ as it moves upward

Back 188

outward

Front 189

the foot tends to move __ as it moves downward

Back 189

inward

Front 190

what two muscle groups work together to tilt the pelvis posteriorly?

Back 190

anterior abdominals and hip extensors

Front 191

what two muscle groups work together to tilt the pelvis anteriorly?

Back 191

back extensors and hip flexors

Front 192

what position is the head in in soneone who has a kyphotic-lordotic posture?

Back 192

forward

Front 193

what position is the cervical spine in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 193

hyperextended

Front 194

what position are the scapulae in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 194

abducted

Front 195

what position is the thoracic spine in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 195

increased flexion (kyphosis )

Front 196

what position is the lumbar spine in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 196

hyperextended (lordosis)

Front 197

which way is the pelvis tilted in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 197

anteriorly tilted

Front 198

what position are the hip joints in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 198

flexed

Front 199

what position are the knee joints in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 199

hyperextended

Front 200

what position is the ankle in in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture?

Back 200

slight plantar flexion

Front 201

in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture, what three muscles are elongated and weak?

Back 201

(1) neck flexors
(2) uppber back erector spinae
(3) external obliques
(hamstrings are slightly elongated but may not be weak)

Front 202

in someone with a kyphotic lordotic posture, what two muscle groups are short and strong?

Back 202

(1) hip flexors
(2) neck extensors
low back extensors are strong but may or may not develop shortness

Front 203

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the lumbar spine in?

Back 203

hyperextended (lordosis)

Front 204

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the pelvis in?

Back 204

anterior tilt

Front 205

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the knee joint in?

Back 205

slightly hyperextended

Front 206

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the ankle joint in?

Back 206

slight plantar flexion

Front 207

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the head in?

Back 207

neutral

Front 208

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the cervical spine in?

Back 208

normal curve (slightly anterior)

Front 209

in someone with a lordotic posture, what position is the thoracic spine in?

Back 209

normal curve (slightly posterior)

Front 210

what muscle group is elongated and weak in someone with a lordotic posture?

Back 210

anterior abdominals (hamstrings are somewhat elongated and may or may not be weak)

Front 211

what two muscle groups are short and strong in someone with a lordotic posture?

Back 211

(1) low back extensors
(2) hip flexors

Front 212

in someone with a flat back posture, what position is the head in?

Back 212

forward

Front 213

in someone with a flat back posture, what position is the cervical spine in?

Back 213

slightly extended

Front 214

in someone with a flat back posture, what two positions is the thoracic spine in?

Back 214

upper-increased flexion
lower-straight

Front 215

in someone with a flat back posture, what position is the lumbar spine in?

Back 215

flexed (straight)

Front 216

in someone with a flat back posture, which way is the pelvis tilted?

Back 216

posterior tilt

Front 217

in someone with a flat back posture, what position are the hip joints in?

Back 217

extended

Front 218

in someone with a flat back posture, what position are the knee joints in?

Back 218

extended

Front 219

in someone with a flat back posture, what position are the ankle joints in?

Back 219

slight plantar flexion

Front 220

what muscle group is elongated and weak in someone with a flat back posture?

Back 220

one joint hip flexors

Front 221

what muscle group is mainly short and strong in a person with a flat back posture?

Back 221

hamstrings

Front 222

frequently, what muscle group is strong (but not necessarily short) in someone with a flat back posture?

Back 222

abdominals

Front 223

frequently, what muscle group is slightly elongated (but not necessarily weak) in someone with a flat back posture?

Back 223

back extensors

Front 224

what are the two muscles that hold the pelvis in posterior tilt during leg lowering?

Back 224

rectus abdominis and external obliques

Front 225

what are the two postures that exhibit weakness during leg lowering (which shows elongated external obliques)?

Back 225

(1) pelvic anterior tilt (lordosis)
(2) anterior displacement of the pelvis with posterior displacement of the thorax (swayback posture)

Front 226

in good postural alignment, how long is the external oblique?

Back 226

6 inches

Front 227

in a lordotic posture, how long is the external oblique?

Back 227

7 inches

Front 228

in the swayback posture, how long is the external oblique?

Back 228

7.5 inches

Front 229

in good postural alignment, how long is the internal oblique?

Back 229

6 inches

Front 230

in a swayback posture, how long is the internal oblique?

Back 230

5 inches

Front 231

in someone with a sway back posture, what position is the head in?

Back 231

forward

Front 232

in someone with a sway back posture, what position is the cervical spine in?

Back 232

slightly extended

Front 233

in someone with a sway back posture, what position is the thoracic spine in?

Back 233

increased flexion (long kyphosis) with posterior displacement of the upper trunk

Front 234

in someone with a sway back posture, what position is the lumbar spine in?

Back 234

flexion (flattening) of lower area

Front 235

in someone with a sway back posture, which way is the pelvis tilted?

Back 235

posteriorly tilted

Front 236

in someone with a sway back posture, what position is the hip joint in?

Back 236

hyperextended with anterior displacement of the pelvis

Front 237

in someone with a sway back posture, what position is the knee joint in?

Back 237

hyperextended

Front 238

in someone with a sway back posture, what position are the ankle joints in?

Back 238

neutral

Front 239

what four groups of muscles are elongated and weak in someone with a sway back posture?

Back 239

(1) one joint hip flexors
(2) external obliques
(3) upper back extensors
(4) neck flexors

Front 240

what two muscles are short and strong in someone with a sway back posture?

Back 240

(1) hamstrings
(2) upper fibers of external obliques

Front 241

what group of muscles are strong but not short in someone with a swayback posture?

Back 241

low back muscles

Front 242

with the bent knee trunk curl, what type of pelvic tilt is allowed in greater range?

Back 242

posterior pelvic tilt

Front 243

with the bent knee trunk curl, what muscle is short, allowing greater range into posterior pelvic tilt?

Back 243

iliopsoas

Front 244

which way is the center of gravity shifted during a bent knee sit-up?

Back 244

upward

Front 245

during bent knee sit-ups, the fact that the center of gravity is shifted upward to the lumbar spine, what does this allow the lumbar spine to do?

Back 245

flexion (greater potential to develop low back strain)

Front 246

in which type of sit ups (bent knee or straight leg) is there reduced stabilization of the distal attachment of the hip flexors, causng the LEs to act as a short lever?

Back 246

bent knee

Front 247

in what type of sit up (bent knee or straight leg) do you get co-contraction of th ehip extensors and fleors in order to assist in stabilization of the LEs and keeping the feet down?

Back 247

bent knee

Front 248

in what type of sit up is there better stabilization of the distal attachment of the abdominals, giving the LEs a longer lever arm in keeping the pelvis from tilting?

Back 248

straight leg

Front 249

in what type of sit up is the iliopsoas at a normal resting length, thereby providing more passive restraint and limiting the range of posterior pelvic tilt?

Back 249

straight leg

Front 250

in which type of sit up is the center of gravity located at S1, allowing the lumbar spine to only flex to the neutral position?

Back 250

straight leg

Front 251

in what type of sit up is there better stabilization of the distal attachment of the hip flexors, allowing the LEs to act as a longer lever so the hip flexors are more effective in raising the trunk?

Back 251

straight leg

Front 252

in what type of sit up is there reduced hip extensor activity needed during the sit up phase due to better stabilization?

Back 252

straight leg

Front 253

in what type of sit up is there a tendency to develop short hamstrings with increased hip extensor activity in a position with the knees flexed?

Back 253

bent knee

Front 254

in what type of sit up may the hip flexors be used in a shortned length, thereby contributing to muscle shortness (especially TFL-ITB)

Back 254

bent knee

Front 255

in what type of sit ups is there less than 70º of active hip flexion during the situp (sit on sacrum)?

Back 255

bent knee

Front 256

what type of sit ups do not comtribute to shortened hamstrings ?

Back 256

straight leg

Front 257

what type of sit ups recruit the hip flexors from the normal resting length?

Back 257

straight leg

Front 258

what type of sit ups show 70-80º of active hip joint flexion from the start to the completion of the situp?

Back 258

straight leg

Front 259

what are the four structures that are most commonly affected in a movement system impairment?

Back 259

(1) myofascial
(2) periarticular
(3) articular
(4) neurologic

Front 260

what are the four elements of the kinesiopathologic model?

Back 260

(1) base
(2) modulator
(3) biomechanical
(4) support

Front 261

what is considered the modulator element of motion, which regulates movement by controlling the patterns and characteristics of muscle activation?

Back 261

nervous system

Front 262

what are the two components of the biomechanical element of the kinesiopathological model?

Back 262

statics and dynamics

Front 263

what are the three components of the support element of the kinesiopathologic model?

Back 263

(1) cardiac
(2) pulmonary
(3) metabolic

Front 264

what are the two components of the base element of the kinesiopathologic model?

Back 264

muscular and skeletal systems

Front 265

which model emphasizes abnormalities of movement as a result of pathologic conditions?

Back 265

pathokinesiological model

Front 266

in the pathokinesiological model, abnormalities of any component system or of any movement are considered __

Back 266

impairments

Front 267

the tension developed by a combination of active contraction and passive resistance

Back 267

stiffness

Front 268

under active conditions, __ refers to the total tension developed when muscles are stretched when actively contracting

Back 268

stiffness

Front 269

a property of a substance that, when static for a period of time, becomes stiff and resists flow; contributes to muscle stiffness

Back 269

thixotropy