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108 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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Omeprazole (Prilosec®)
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Irreversible inhibition of the proton pump on parietal cells
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Headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, insomnia, Inhibits CYP2C19 & CYP2C9
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Esomeprazole (Nexium®)
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Irreversible inhibition of the proton pump on parietal cells
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Headache, GI disturbances, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, insomnia, Inhibits CYP2C19 & CYP2C9
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Lansoprazole (Prevacid®)
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Irreversible inhibition of the proton pump on parietal cells
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Dry mouth, insomnia, drowsiness, blurred vision, rash, pruritus, Metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C19
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Pantoprazole (Protonix®)
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Irreversible inhibition of the proton pump on parietal cells
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Headache, GI disturbances, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, allergic reactions, Metab. by CYP2C19 & CYP3A4
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Rabeprazole (AcipHex®)
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Irreversible inhibition of the proton pump on parietal cells
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Headache, GI disturbances, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, insomnia, Metab. by CYP2C19
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Dexlansoprazole (Kapidex®)
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Irreversible inhibition of the proton pump on parietal cells
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Dry mouth, insomnia, drowsiness, blurred vision, rash, pruritus, Metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C19
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Cimetidine (Tagamet®)
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Blockade of H2 receptors on parietal cells
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Headache, GI diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, breast enlargement, confusion, anxiety, Inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 & CYP1A2
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Ranitidine (Zantac®)
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Blockade of H2 receptors on parietal cells
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Headache, GI diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, breast enlargement, confusion, anxiety, Inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 & CYP1A2
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Famotidine (Pepcid®)
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Blockade of H2 receptors on parietal cells
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Headache, GI diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, breast enlargement, confusion, anxiety, Inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 & CYP1A2
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Nizatidine (Axid®)
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Blockade of H2 receptors on parietal cells
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Headache, GI diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, breast enlargement, confusion, anxiety, Inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 & CYP1A2
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Sucralfate (Carafate®)
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A basic aluminum salt of sucrose octasulfate that complexes with proteins at an ulcer site to form a protective layer.
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Constipation, dizziness, Allergic reaction
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Amoxicillin
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moderate-spectrum, β- lactam antibiotic, inhibits synthesis of bacteria cell wall
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Nausea and vomiting, rashes, diarrhea insomnia, confusion, anxiety, sensitivity to lights and sounds.
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Clarithromycin
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Macrolide antibiotic, inhibits bacteria protein synthesis by binding the 50S subunit of bacteria ribosome.
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Nausea and vomiting, extreme irritability, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headaches
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Tetracycline
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Broad spectrum antibiotic, inhibits bacteria protein synthesis by binding the 30S subunit of bacteria ribosome.
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Stain teeth, Inactivated by Ca, Al, Fe and Zn; Skin photosensitivity, tinnitus, hepatitis, drug-induced lupus.
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Metronidazole (Flagyl®)
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Antibiotic for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, becomes reduced, forms intermediate free radicals that interfere with enzymes and DNA.
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Nausea, diarrhea, IV admin can cause thrombophlebitis, rash, headache, dizziness, toxic levels can cause CNS lesions. DO NOT use if breast feeding.
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Pentagastrin (Peptavlon®)
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Stimulates gastric acid. Pepsin and intrinsic factor secretion via CCKB receptors on parietal (oxyntic) cells.
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Nausea, diarrhea, rash
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Metoclopramide (Reglan®)
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Dopamine D2 antagonist, Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist/5-HT4 agonist
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Drug induced motor movements (tardive dyskinesia), restlessness, drowsiness, dizziness, focal dystonia, hyperprolactinaemia
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Domperidone (Motilium®) Also used as an antiemetic
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Dopamine D2 and D3 antagonist
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Lactation, Headaches, dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, GI disturbances, Cardiovascular events (does not cross BBB)
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Cisapride (Propulsid®) (NOTE Cisapride is limited in the US due to its reports of increasing the QT interval and correlation to several deaths)
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Serotonin 5-HT4 agonist
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Arrhythmias and can cause death. Limited use in the US market, diarrhea, headache, Metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Tegaserod maleate (Zelnorm®) (NOTE Restricted due to severe cardiovascular events including death)
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Serotonin 5-HT4 agonist, some 5-HT2 antagonist activity
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Allergic Reactions, angina, cardiovascular risks including heart attacks and stroke, diarrhea, stomach pains, headache, dizziness
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Bisacodyl (Dulcolax®)
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Causes an increase in GI lumen secretions by increasing chloride and PGE2 - water is retained in the colon. Decreases aquaporins in colon – decreasing water absorption. Stimulates enteric nerves to increase propulsive contraction.
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Diarrhea, GI disturbances
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Loperamide (Imodium®)
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Acts at Mu Opioid (GPCRαi) to inhibit the myenteric plexus inhibiting the longitudinal smooth muscle and increasing circular smooth muscle, slowing GI transit, allowing for an increase in fluid absorption.
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Constipation, GI disturbances, tooth discoloration, gallstones (Note: should not be used in organism caused diarrhea i.e., E.coli, salmonella, C. difficile)(Does not cross the BBB, no CNS effects)
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Diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil®)
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As above (similar actions as loperamide); atropine is added to help slow GI transit time by blocking Ach- muscarinic receptors in GI smooth muscle.
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Constipation, GI disturbances, gallstones, Crosses BBB and can cause dependence, euphoria, sedation, decrease respiration (Note: should not be used in organism caused diarrhea i.e., E.coli, salmonella, C. difficile)
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Cholestyramine (Questran®)
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A strong anion resin that sequesters bile acids in the lumen of the GI preventing bile acids from retaining water in the colon.
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Constipation, GI disturbances, allergic reaction/rash (Note: can be used in organism caused diarrhea since it helps remove organisms)
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Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®)
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General mechanisms of reducing inflammation/ irritation, coating GI lining and killing bacteria that may cause diarrhea (oligodynamic effect = metal ions such as bismuth may kill bacteria)
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Constipation, GI disturbances, black stool (not absorbed so lacks systemic effects).
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Aspirin
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Irreversible COX inhibition
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All COX inhibitors can result in GI irritation, GERD and GI ulcers
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Ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®, Nuprin®)
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Reversible COX inhibition
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All COX inhibitors can result in GI irritation, GERD and GI ulcers
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Indomethacin (Indocin®)
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Reversible COX inhibition
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All COX inhibitors can result in GI irritation, GERD and GI ulcers
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Ketorolac (Lodine®)
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Reversible COX inhibition
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All COX inhibitors can result in GI irritation, GERD and GI ulcers
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Ketoprofen (Orudis®, Oruvail®)
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Reversible COX inhibition
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All COX inhibitors can result in GI irritation, GERD and GI ulcers
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Naproxen (Aleve®)
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Reversible COX inhibition
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All COX inhibitors can result in GI irritation, GERD and GI ulcers
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Corticosteroids i.e., Dexamethasone
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators (oral admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.), High doses can cause peptic ulceration
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5-aminosalicylic acid (5- ASA) (Mesalamine®)
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Unclear except that there may be some inhibition of COX1 & COX2, lipoxygenase, nuclear factor kappaB and antioxidants in the GI.
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Diarrhea, nausea, cramping flatulence, allergic reactions. (Stays mainly in the GI so lacks systemic effects)
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Olsalazine (Dipentum®)
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Thought to deliver 5- aminosalicylic acid to Lg. Intestine (as above) may be some inhibition of COX1 & COX2, lipoxygenase, nuclear factor kappaB and antioxidants in the GI.
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Diarrhea, nausea, cramping flatulence, allergic reactions. (Stays mainly in the GI so lacks systemic effects)
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Balsalazide (Colazal®)
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Thought to deliver 5- aminosalicylic acid to Lg. Intestine (as above) may be some inhibition of COX1 & COX2, lipoxygenase, nuclear factor kappaB and antioxidants in the GI.
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Diarrhea, nausea, cramping flatulence, allergic reactions. (Stays mainly in the GI so lacks systemic effects)
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Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®)
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A Sulfa-antibiotic drug that also delivers 5- aminosalicylic acid to the Intestine (as above) may be some inhibition of COX1 & COX2, lipoxygenase, nuclear factor kappaB and antioxidants in the GI.
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Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypospermia, severe depression in young males, diarrhea, nausea, cramping flatulence, allergic reactions.
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Azothiopurine; 6- mercaptopurine (Azasan®; Purinethol®)
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Azothiopurine is a pro-drug metabolized to 6- mercaptopurine, a purine synthesis inhibitor. Attenuates DNA synthesis decreasing the proliferation of rapid dividing cells like lymphocytes.
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Nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss, allergic reactions, acute pancreatitis, bone marrow suppression, human carcinogen.
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Methotrexate (Rheumatrex®)
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Inhibits the metabolism of folic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase therefore inhibiting DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
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Teratogen, Death, Nausea, hair loss, headaches, fever, ulcerative stomatitis, low white blood cell count, abdominal pain, fatigue, acute pneumonitis
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Prednisone
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators (oral admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.)
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Budesonide (Entocort®)
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators (oral admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.)
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Hydrocortisone
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators (oral admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.)
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Infliximab (Remicad®)
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Monoclonal antibody against TNFα. Thought to cause programmed cell death of TNFα- expressing activated T- Lymphocytes.
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression & infections, lymphoma, liver injury, tuberculosis
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Adalimumab (Humira®)
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Monoclonal antibody against TNFα. Thought to cause programmed cell death of TNFα- expressing activated T- Lymphocytes.
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression & infections, lymphoma, liver injury, tuberculosis
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Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®)
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Monoclonal antibody against TNFα. Thought to cause programmed cell death of TNFα- expressing activated T- Lymphocytes.
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression & infections, lymphoma, liver injury, tuberculosis
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Tolbutamide (Orinase®)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, Serious Cardiovascular events, Cholestatic jaundice, nausea and GI disturbances, weight gain, allergic reactions, Potential teratogen
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Chlorpropamide (Diabinese®, Insulase®)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, Skin reactions Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, GI disturbances & nausea, weight gain, allergic reactions, increase in vasopressin & hyponatremia, Cholestatic jaundice
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Tolazamide (Tolinase®)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, Cholestatic jaundice, nausea and GI disturbances, weight gain, allergic reactions,
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Glyburide or Glibenclamide (Diabeta®, Glynase®, Micronase®) (2nd generation)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, Cholestatic jaundice, nausea and GI disturbances, weight gain, allergic reactions, headaches
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Glipizide (Glucotrol®) (2nd generation)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, Cholestatic jaundice, nausea and GI disturbances, weight gain, allergic reactions, headaches
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Glimepiride (Amaryl®) (2nd/3rd generation)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, dizziness, hemolytic anemia, headache, weakness, weight gain, allergic reactions
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Repaglinide (Prandin®)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, headache, weakness, weight gain, back pain
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Nateglinide (Starlix®)
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Stimulates secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Blocks ATP- dependent K+ channels. This stops K+ leak out of the cell causing increased frequency of beta cell depolarization, influx of Ca+2 and release of insulin
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Hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, headache, weakness, weight gain, back pain
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Exenatide (Byetta®)
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Stimulates GLP-1 (GPCRαs) receptors on β-cells of the pancreas to increase insulin biosynthesis and release.
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Nausea and vomiting, GI disturbances, pancreatitis
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Liraglutide (Victoza®)
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Stimulates GLP-1 (GPCRαs) receptors on β-cells of the pancreas to increase insulin biosynthesis and release.
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Nausea and vomiting, GI disturbances, pancreatitis, medullary thyroid carcinoma
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Sitagliptin (Januvia®)
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Inhibits DPP-4 (enzyme that metabolizes GLP-1) Increases endogenous GLP- 1, which acts via GLP-1 (GPCRαs) receptors on β- cells of the pancreas to increase insulin biosynthesis and release.
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Pancreatitis, GI disturbances, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, headache
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Saxagliptin (Onglyza®)
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Inhibits DPP-4 (enzyme that metabolizes GLP-1) Increases endogenous GLP- 1, which acts via GLP-1 (GPCRαs) receptors on β- cells of the pancreas to increase insulin biosynthesis and release.
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Pancreatitis, GI disturbances, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, headache
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Pramlintide (Symlin®) type I or II
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Amylin analogue, aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, Acts at a GPCR (similar to calcitonin).
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Hypoglycemia, GI disturbances, headache, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue
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Metformin (Glucophage®) type II only
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Activation of AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK), suppressing glucose production by the liver.
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GI disturbances, increase lactic acid levels
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Acarbose (Precose®) type II only
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Inhibits alpha glucosidase, an enzyme that releases glucose from large carbohydrates in the GI tract.
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GI disturbances, hypoglycemia, headache, hepatitis
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Rosiglitazone (Avandia®)
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Activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγs -nuclear receptors), increases fat cell sensitivity to insulin, reduces glucose, fatty acid and insulin blood concentrations.
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Increased risk of heart attack & stroke, may increase bone fracture & macular edema, hepatitis
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Pioglitazone (Actos®)
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Activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγs -nuclear receptors), increases fat cell sensitivity to insulin, reduces glucose, fatty acid and insulin blood concentrations.
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Increased risk of heart attack & stroke, may increase bone fracture & macular edema, hepatitis
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Insulin lispro (Humalog®)
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Fast acting insulin analogue. (genetically altered to increase absorption allowing for faster actions)
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Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, hypokalemia, weight gain
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Insulin aspart (NovoLog/ NovoRapid®)
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Fast acting insulin analogue. (genetically altered to increase absorption allowing for faster actions)
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Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, hypokalemia, weight gain
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Insulin glulisine (Apidra®)
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Fast acting insulin analogue. (genetically altered to increase absorption allowing for faster actions)
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Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, hypokalemia, weight gain
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Insulin Isophane (HumuLIN N®, NovoLIN N®)
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Intermediate acting insulin analogue. (genetically altered with protamine to be released slowly from a suspension of crystalline zinc to increase duration)
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Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, weight gain
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Insulin detemir (Levemir®)
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Long acting insulin analogue. (genetically altered with myristic acid to be released slowly from albumin to increase duration)
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Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, weight gain
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Insulin glargine (Lantus®)
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Long acting insulin analogue. (genetically altered to be released slowly from crystals to increase duration)
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Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, weight gain
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Disulfiram (Antabuse®)
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Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
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Rapid and severe “hangover” activity
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Naltrexone (Revia® & Vivitrol®)
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Opioid receptor antagonist, decreasing an endogenous opioid activation of a dopamine-mesolimbic pathway.
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GI disturbances, Liver damage
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Acamprosate (Campral®)
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NMDA antagonist with some GABAA agonist activity
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GI disturbances, allergic reactions, cardiovascular events, headache, insomnia
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Lorezapam (Ativan )
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Potentiate GABA’s ability to open the GABAA CL- channel (increase channel opening frequency)
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Sedation, ataxia, dependence, withdrawal
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Fomepizole (Antizol®)
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Competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase
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Allergic reaction, decrease in urination
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Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
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Antagonist at serotonin 5- HT2, dopamine D2, D4, muscarinic, histamine H1, adrenergic α1, receptors
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Sedation, Hypotensive, Anticholinergics, Weight gain
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Fluoxetine (Prozac)
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Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Sedative, Antimuscarinic action, Sexual & GI disturbances, Insomnia, metabolized by CYPs
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Desipramine (Norpramin)
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Norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Sedative, Antimuscarinic activity
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Amitriptyline (Elavil)
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Norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Severe Sedative, Antimuscarinic
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Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
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Norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitors
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Dizziness, Tremor, Seizures at high doses
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Topiramate (Topamax) Partial and primary generalized seizures; As well as refractory partial and refractory generalized tonic-clonic seizures & tonic-clonic in LG
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Prolong fast inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels in addition activates hyperpolarizing K+ currents, increase activity at GABAA CL- channels, some inhibition of glutamate AMPA-kainate channels and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor inhibits CYP2C19 may induced CYP3A4
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Somnolence, fatigue, nervousness, confusion, paresthesia, weight loss, Psychomotor slowing, memory loss, GI disturbances, (because of CA inhibitor – increase kidney stones),
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Ondansetron (Zofran)
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Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
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GI disturbances, dizziness, headache, CYP3A4
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Alglucerase (Ceredase)
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Human form of β- glucocerebrosidase
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Allergic reaction, headache, back pain, dizziness,
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Imiglucerase (Cerezyme)
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Recombinant DNA analogue of human β- glucocerebrosidase
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Allergic reaction, headache, nausea and vomiting, back pain, dizziness, fatigue
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Miglustat (Zavesca)
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Analogue of D-glucose, inhibits glucosylceramide synthase, reducing overall synthesis of glycosphingolipids
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GI disturbances, weight loss, dry mouth, muscle cramping, dizziness headache, weakness
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Agalsidase alpha (Replagal) Agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme)
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Human recombinant forms of α-galactosidase An enzyme that hydrolyses alpha-galactosyl moieties including ceramide.
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Allergic reactions, GI disturbances, weight loss, sleepiness, muscle cramping, dizziness headache, weakness, cardiovascular events
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Allopurinol (Lopurin®, Zyloprim®)
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Purine analog that competitively inhibits xanthine oxidase, hence decreasing urate.
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Allergic reaction, Stevens-Johnson syndrome & toxic epidermal necrolysis, drowsiness, GI disturbances, cytopenia & aplastic anemia
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Febuxostat (Uloric®)
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A non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, (a non- purine inhibitor) hence decreasing urate.
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Increase in liver enzymes, GI disturbances, joint pain, allergic reactions
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Colchicine (Colcrys®)
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Binds to tubulin inhibiting microtubule formation hence halting mitosis and neutrophil motility
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GI disturbances, neutropenia, anemia, hair loss, peripheral neuropathy, Should not be used in kidney impaired patients
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Probenecid (Benemid®)
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Inhibition of organic acid transporters (URAT-1) across the epithelial barrier in the kidney, increasing excretion of uric acid
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GI disturbances, allergic reactions, Should not be used in kidney impaired patients
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Theophylline (Aerolate III)
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Antagonist of phosphodiesterase and adenosine receptors
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GI disturbances, insomnia, restlessness, cardiovascular events, allergic reaction
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Isotretinoin (Aerolate III)
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Antagonist of phosphodiesterase and adenosine receptors
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Teratogen, GI disturbances, insomnia, restlessness, cardiovascular events, allergic reaction
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Tretinoin (Retin-A)
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Antagonist of phosphodiesterase and adenosine receptors
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Teratogen, GI disturbances, insomnia, restlessness, cardiovascular events, allergic reaction
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Cocaine
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Blocks voltage gated sodium channels, Blocks dopamine and norepinephrine transporters
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Nervous system stimulant, euphoria, dependence, anxiety, tremors, convulsions, increased body temperature, weight loss, cardiovascular events
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Amphetamine (Adderall)
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Blocks dopamine and norepinephrine transporters and causes the increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine
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Nervous system stimulant, euphoria, dependence, may decrease growth rate in children, anxiety, tremors, convulsions, weight loss, cardiovascular events
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Losartan (Cozaar)
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Antagonist of the angiotensin AT1 receptor decreasing total peripheral resistance and cardiac venous return
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Teratogen, Back pain, dizziness, muscle weakness, GI disturbances, allergic reactions, CYP3A4, CYP2C9,
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Captopril (Capoten)
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), inhibits angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II
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Teratogen, cough, loss of taste, angioedema, acute renal failure, leukopenia, postural hypotension, hyperkalemia, proteinuria
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Levothyroxine (L-T4) (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid)
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Thyroxine replacement
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Weight loss, headache, tremor GI disturbances, nervousness, insomnia, excessive sweating
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Liothyronine ( L-T3) (Cytomel, Triostat)
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Triiodothyronine replacement (More rapid onset then L-T4)
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Weight loss, headache, tremor GI disturbances, nervousness, insomnia, excessive sweating
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Liotrix (Thyrolar)
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4:1 ratio of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine replacement
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Weight loss, headache, tremor GI disturbances, nervousness, insomnia, excessive sweating
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Propylthiouracil (PTU)
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Inhibits thyroperoxidase; an enzyme that oxidizes iodide to iodine therefore inhibiting iodine addition to tyrosyl residues of the precursor thyroglobulin
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Possible agranulocytosis, allergic reaction, hair loss, numbness, joint/muscle pain, dizziness, swelling
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Methimazole (Northyx, Tapazole)
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Inhibits thyroperoxidase; an enzyme that oxidizes iodide to iodine therefore inhibiting iodine addition to tyrosyl residues of the precursor thyroglobulin
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Possible agranulocytosis, allergic reaction, hair loss, numbness, joint/muscle pain, dizziness, swelling
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Dexamethasone
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators: also used as in autoimmune conditions by decreasing Helper T-cell activity by decreasing cytokine activity (oral admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.) Emotion swings, Depression
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Prednisone
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators: also used as in autoimmune conditions by decreasing Helper T-cell activity by decreasing cytokine activity (oral and injection admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.) Emotion swings, Depression
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Cortisone
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators: also used as in autoimmune conditions by decreasing Helper T-cell activity by decreasing cytokine activity (oral, injection, topical admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.) Emotion swings, Depression
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Triamcinolone (Aristocort®, Tri-Nasal®, Triaderm®, etc.)
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators: also used as in autoimmune conditions by decreasing Helper T-cell activity by decreasing cytokine activity (oral, injection, topical inhalation admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.) Emotion swings, Depression
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Hydrocortisone (also known as cortisol)
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators: also used as in autoimmune conditions by decreasing Helper T-cell activity by decreasing cytokine activity (topical, injection admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.) Emotion swings, Depression
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Budesonide (Entocort®) (Symbocort® + formoterol)
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Increase levels of lipocortin that inhibits phospholipase A2, decreasing inflammatory mediators: also used as in autoimmune conditions by decreasing Helper T-cell activity by decreasing cytokine activity (inhaled admin)
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Prolonged use can lead to immunosuppression and cushingoid (central obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, etc.) Emotion swings, Depression
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Mifepristone (RU-486, Mifegyne®, Mifeprex®)
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Progesterone/glucocorticoid receptor antagonist used in refractory Cushing’s Syndrome or as an abortifacient
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Abdominal pain, uterine cramping, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, vaginal bleeding
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Metyrapone (Metopirone®)
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Blocks cortisol synthesis by inhibiting 11β-hydroxylase, used in diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency & refractory Cushing’s Syndrome
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Abdominal pain, uterine cramping, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, vaginal bleeding
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Finasteride (Proscar®, Propecia®)
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Converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by inhibiting type-2 isoenzyme of 5α-reductase.
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Impotence, abnormal sexual function, gynecomastia, depression and anxiety, teratogen
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