Diversity Of Eukaryotes 3: Introduction To Animals And Basal Lineages

Front 1

Body plan differs in:

Back 1

number of tissues observed in embryos, symmetry, the presence or absence of a body cavity and the way in which early events in embryonic development proceed

Front 2

Number of fundamental splits as animals diversified

Back 2

three

Front 3

Animals are mono_____.

Back 3

phyletic

Front 4

Three fundamental traits of animals:

Back 4

(1) multicellular
(2) heterotrophs
(3) move under their own power at some point in their life cycle

Front 5

Animal cells have no ___ ____ but do have an extensive extracellular matrix.

Back 5

cell walls

Front 6

Animals are only lineage with ______ and _____ tissue.

Back 6

muscle, nerve

Front 7

No animals undergo _________ of __________. Adults of most species are diploid; only gametes are haploid.

Back 7

alteration, generations

Front 8

About __ major animal phyla are recognized.

Back 8

34

Front 9

Four features that define an animal's body plan:

Back 9

(1) number of embryonic tissue layers
(2) type of body symmetry and degree of cephalization (formation of a head region)
(3) presence or absence of a fluid-filled body cavity
(4) how the earliest events of embryonic development proceed

Front 10

All animals have tissues, which are:

Back 10

tightly integrated structural and functional units of cells.

Front 11

All animals have epithelium, which is:

Back 11

a layer of tightly joined cells that covers the body surface

Front 12

Diploblasts are animals whose embryos have two types of tissues or germ layers; the ______ ("outside skin") and _______ ("inside skin").

Back 12

ectoderm, endoderm

Front 13

Triploblasts are animals whose embryos have three types of tissues: the ectoderm, endoderm and _________ ("middle skin").

Back 13

mesoderm

Front 14

Most sponges are _______.

Back 14

asymmetrical

Front 15

Animals with _______ symmetry have at least two planes of symmetry. Organisms with _______ symmetry have a single plane of symmetry and face their environment in one.

Back 15

radial, bilateral

Front 16

Cephalization

Back 16

the development of a head region where structures for feeding, sensing the environment, and processing info are concentrated.

Front 17

Coelom

Back 17

fluid-filled body cavity

Front 18

Triploblasts that do not have a coelom are called _______; those that possess a coelom are ______.

Back 18

acoelomates, coelomates

Front 19

The coelom is lined on ____ sides with cells from the mesoderm.

Back 19

both

Front 20

The acts as an efficient ______ ____ that allows soft-bodied animals to move even without fins or limbs.

Back 20

hydrostatic skeleton

Front 21

All coelomates (except for adult echinoderms) are ______ symmetric and have ____ embryonic tissue layers.

Back 21

bilaterally, three

Front 22

Bilatera include protostomes and ______.

Back 22

deuterostomes

Front 23

Three events in embryonic development

Back 23

(1) cleavage
(2) gastrulation
(3) coelom formation

Front 24

Cleavage

Back 24

rapid series of mitotic divisions that occurs in the absence of growth

Front 25

Gastrulation

Back 25

series of cell movements that results in the embryonic tissue layers; as gastrulation proceeds, the coelom forms.

Front 26

in Protostomes...

Back 26

spiral cleavage
pore becomes mouth

Front 27

in Deuterostomes...

Back 27

radial cleavage
pore becomes anus

Front 28

Protostomes split to become:

Back 28

Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa

Front 29

____________ evolved independently in annelids and arthropods, as well as in vertebrates and possibly in molluscs

Back 29

Segmentation

Front 30

Vertebrates (skulls and usually backbones) are monophyletic, while invertebrates are _______.

Back 30

paraphyletic

Front 31

Different ways of feeding

Back 31

Suspension (or filter) feeders
Deposit feeders (eat through substrate)
Fluid feeders (suck or mop up)
Mass feeders (take chunks into mouth)

Front 32

Sessile

Back 32

permanently attached to a surface

Front 33

Three functions of movement in adult animals:

Back 33

(1) finding food
(2) finding mates
(3) escaping predators

Front 34

Viviparous

Back 34

Eggs or embryos may be retained in the female's body during development.

Front 35

Oviparous

Back 35

Eggs laid outside to develop independently of the mother.

Front 36

Ovoviviparous

Back 36

Female retains eggs inside body during early development, but growing embryos are nourished by yolk inside the egg and not by nutrients transferred directly from the mother.

Front 37

holometabolous metamorphosis (aka complete metamorphosis)

ex. mosquito

Back 37

juvenile individual is called a larva and looks quite different from the adult form. Eventually, larva encases itself and becomes a pupa (in this stage it is remodeled into an adult.

Front 38

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

ex. grasshopper

Back 38

juvenile form is a nymph and looks like a miniature adult.

Front 39

Some cnidarians have two distinct body types during their life cycle: a largely sessile form called a _____ alternates with a free-floating stage called a ______.

Back 39

polyp, medusa

Front 40

The four basal lineages of animals

Back 40

(1) Porifera (sponges)
(2) Cnidaria (jellyfish and others)
(3) Ctenophora (comb jellyfish)
(4) Acoelomorpha

Front 41

Animals are ____________.

Back 41

monophyletic

Front 42

Porifera (sponges)

Back 42

About 7000 species of sponges have been described to date.

Front 43

Benthic

Back 43

live at the bottom of aquatic environments

Front 44

The body architecture of sponges is built around a system of _____ and _____ that create channels for water currents.

Back 44

tubes, pores

Front 45

Most sponges are _________ feeders.

Back 45

suspension

Front 46

Cnidaria

(Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones, Hydroids, Sea Fans)

Back 46

The majority of the 11,000 Cnidaria species are marine.

Front 47

Cnidarians are radially _______ diploblasts with a specialized cell called a ______ that is used to capture prey.

Back 47

symmetric, cnidocyte

Front 48

Most cnidarians have a life cycle that includes both _____ and _____ forms.

Back 48

polyp, medusa

Front 49

Polyps may reproduce _______ by budding, fission, or fragmentation, or may reproduce sexually.

Back 49

asexually

Front 50

Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

Back 50

Only about 100 species of ctenophores have been described.

Front 51

Ctenophores are transparent, ciliated, _________ diploblasts that are extremely abundant in marine habitats.

Back 51

diploblasts

Front 52

Adult ctenophores move by beating cilia which occur in _____ ___ running the length of the body.

Back 52

comblike rows

Front 53

Most ctenophores have male and female organs and routinely ________ ________.

Back 53

self-fertilize externally

Front 54

Acoelomorpha

Back 54

-Acoelomorphs are bilaterally symmetric worms with distinct anterior and posterior ends.

Front 55

Acoelomorphs are triploblastic but lack a _____. Some have digestive tracts and some do not.

Back 55

coelom

Front 56

Acoelomorphs live in....

Adults reproduce....

Back 56

...in mud or sand in marine environments, feeding on detritus and preying on small animals. The swim, glide or burrow with the aid of cilia.

...asexually by fission or sexually by internal fertilization, with fertilized eggs laid outside the body.