Diversity Issues- Models Of Racial Identity Development

Front 1

Conformity (1)

Back 1

-Positive attitudes and preference for dominant cultural values

-Depreciating attitudes towards own culture

-Prefer therapist from majority group

Front 2

Dissonance (2)

Back 2

-Confusion over conflicting appreciating and depreciating attitudes toward self and others from same and different groups

-Prefer therapist from minority group

Front 3

Resistance and Immersion (3)

Back 3

-Actively reject dominant society and exhibit appreciating attitudes toward self and other members of own group

-Prefer therapist from same (minority group)

-Personal problems perceived to be result of oppression

Front 4

Introspection (4)

Back 4

-Uncertainty about rigidity of beliefs held about dominant group and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward's one group and feelings of personal autonomy

-Still prefer therapist from own group, but more open to therapists who share a similar world view

Front 5

Integrative Awareness (5)

Back 5

-Experience sense of fulfillment with regard to cultural identity

-Have strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression

-Adopt multicultural perspective and objectively examine beliefs and values of all groups before accepting or rejecting them

-In therapist place more emphasis on similarity in worldview, attitudes, and beliefs than ethnic/racial similarity

Front 6

Pre-encounter (1)

Back 6

Cross-Stage 1

-Racial id has low salience; white seen as ideal

-AA client likely to prefer white therapist

Front 7

Encounter (2)

Back 7

Cross-Stage 2

-Exposure to single significant race-related event or multiple events which lead to greater racial/cultural awareness and interest in developing an AA identity

-Prefer therapist of same race

Front 8

Immersion/emersion (3)

Back 8

Cross-Stage 3

-Transition involving struggle btwn old and merging ideas about race

-Initially idealizes AA, immerses self in AA culture and denigrates whites

-Toward end of stage is less emotionally immersed and begins to move toward internalization of new identity

Front 9

Internalization/Commitment (4)

Back 9

Cross-Stage 4

-Adopts AA worldview and in latter half of stage actively works to eradicate racism

-Client may exhibit healthy cultural paranoia

Front 10

Contact (1)

Back 10

Helms-Stage 1

-Little awareness of racial id and may exhibit unsophisticated bxs reflecting racist attitudes and beliefs

Front 11

Disintegration (2)

Back 11

Helms-Stage 2

-Increasing contact with AA or other groups increases awareness of being white leading to confusion and ambivalence

-To reduce conflict may overid with AA, act in paternalistic ways, or retreat to white society

Front 12

Reintegration (3)

Back 12

Helms-Stage 3

-Attempts to resolve conflicts of disintegration by accepting racist views of white society superiority and AA inferiority

Front 13

Pseudo-independence (4)

Back 13

Helms-Stage 4

-A jarring event cause person to question his/her racist views and to recognize whites have responsibility for racism

Front 14

Immersion-Emersion (5)

Back 14

Helms-Stage 5

-Person explores what it means to be white

Front 15

Autonomy (6)

Back 15

Helms-Stage 6

-Internalized positive (nonracist) white id including an appreciation/acceptance for racial/cultural differences and similarities

Front 16

Sensitization (1)

Back 16

Troiden-Stage 1

-Feeling different-characteristic of middle childhood; person feels diff from peers

Front 17

Self-recognition (2)

Back 17

Troiden- Stage 2

-Identity confusion
-At onset of puberty
-Person realizes s/he is attracted to same sex and attributes feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion

Front 18

Identity Assumption (3)

Back 18

Troiden-Stage 3

-Becomes more certain of homosexuality and may deal in variety of ways (e.g., trying to pass as hetero, aligning self with homosexual community)

Front 19

Commitment (4)

Back 19

Troiden-Stage 4

-Identity integration
-Adopted a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose homosexuality