Diversity In The Prokaryotes (Bacterial Diversity)

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Archaebacteria

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group of prokaryotes living in very strange environments and with very distinct rRNAs.

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Three fundamental life forms/groups

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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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Nuclear membraine

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Only Eukaryotes

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Histones

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Archaea and Eukaryotes

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Lipid structure

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Bacteria: Strain-chained
Archaea and Eukaryotes: Branched

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Cell wall

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Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
Archaea: No peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes: Cellulose or chitin

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RNA polymerase

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B: Single and simple
A: Single and complex
E: Several and complex

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Translation begins with

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B: F-met
A: met
E: met

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Bacteria and archaea live _____

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almost everywhere, from below the Earth's surface to on Antarctic sea ice

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Bacteria that cause disease are said to be _____

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pathogenic

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germ theory of disease

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The experiments of Robert Koch in the late 1800s became the basis for this theory, which holds that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses (acellular particles that parasitize cells).

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Koch's Postulates

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1) microbe present in indiv's suffering from disease & absent from healthy indiv's
2) organism grown in pure culture away from host organism
3) those organisms injected into animal and symptoms appear
4) re-isolated and demonstrated to be the same as in original orgainism

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antibiotics

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molecules that kill bacteria

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bioremediation

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the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants

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extremophiles

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bacteria or archaea that live in high-salt, high-temperature, low-temp. or high pressure habitats

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universal primers

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allowed rRNA sequences to be obtained WITHOUT having to culture an organism

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cyanobacteria

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a lineage of photosynthetic bacteria, were the first organisms to perform oxygenic (oxygen-producing) photosynthesis

*were responsible for changing the Earth's atmosphere to one with a high concentration of oxygen

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nitrogen fixation

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process of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia

*crop rotation -- plant legumes (alfalfa, etc.) to fix soil nitrogen

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two things that organisms need to grow

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energy and carbon

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autotrophs

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manufacture their own carbon-containing compounds --> turn CO2 into C-C bonds

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heterotrophs

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live by consuming autotrophs

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oxygenic photosyntheis

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use of water as a source of electrons

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anoxygenic photosynthesis

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use of molecules other than water for electron donor

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6 major bacteria groups

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firmicutes
spirochaetes
actinobacteria
cyanobacteria
chlamydiales
proeobacteria

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gram stain

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dye used to distinguish cell wall type

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gram-positive

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retain gram stain, look purple under microscope

*these contain an extensive amount of the carbohydrate peptidoglycan

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gram-negative

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don't retain stain as well, look pink under microscope

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Firmicutes

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-rod-shaped
-important soil components
-examples: anthrax, botulism, tetanus, gangrene
-Baccillus thurinigensis an organic insecticide
-Lactobacillus ferment milk to yogurt or cheese

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Spirochaetes

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-corkscrew shape
-common in aquatic habitats
-syphilis, Lyme disease

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Actinobacteria

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-rods and filaments, gram-positive
-rich source of antibiotics from genus Streptomyces
-Tuberculosis and leprosy

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Cyanobacteria

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-historically called "blue-green algae"
-oxygenic photosynthesis, fix nitrogen
-produce much of the earth's oxygen and fix nitrogen
-form lichens by living with fungi

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Chlamydiales

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-spherical and very small
-all known species live as parasites inside host cells
-Chlamydia tranchomatis
-most common cause of blindness in human
-STD with serious urogenital tract infection

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Proeobacteria

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-5+ subgroups, diverse shapes
-apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
-E. coli
-Wolbachia -- an insect STD
-Legionnaires disease, cholera, gonorrhea, ulcers, diarrhea
-Agrobacterium used as a shuttle vector for genetic engineering of crops
-Rhizobium -- lives in root nodules and fixes nitrogen

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Archaea

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-live in virtually every habitat, includ. extreme environments
-no known parasitic archaea