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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A Community
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is an association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area.
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Community Structure
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It includes the attributes such as ...
1. number of species 2. the relative abundance 3. the kinds of species comprising a community. |
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A Guild
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is a group of organisms that all make their living in a similar way.
Ex; seed eating animals, fruit eating bird, filter feeding invertebrates. |
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physiognomic
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based on condition of over wintering parts such as bugs, seed. ex; Raunk iaer
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phanerophyte
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many physical, carry in tips of branch
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chamaephyte
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small shrub grow close to the ground
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hemocrbterous
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situated on leaf surface
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crbtaphyes
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protected from the weather they are below ground
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therophyte
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anti-pant their life cycle from seed to seed and die within a season they die off during the unfavorable season of the year. annual- semi plant
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Life form "growth Form"
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is a combination of structure and growth dynamic.
1. annual from. 2. broad leaf every green leaf 3.braod disgust tree 4.winter disgust tree 5.saculant 6.buble harbasous herimionous 7.tindle leaf ever green |
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advantage of being GREEN
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is that they can hold nutrients and store it for long.
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Species diversity
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is a combination of the
*number of species (richness) *relative abundance (Evenness) |
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Shannon-Wiener index is a quantitative index of species diversity
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H = the value of shannon
P = proportion ith of species log= natural logrithm S = # of species in commuity |
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High species diversity??
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indicate a complex commuity
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Greater varieties species??
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greater array of species interactions.
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Rank abundance??
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relative abundance against rank
greater evenness = Lower slope steeper the curve = L evenness |
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The number of WARBLER and BIRD increases with???
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increases with..
1. increases vegetation 2. greater volume of foliage |
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Richness??
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There is a great richness in C. Gulf of fish than in the N. Gulf of California.
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Factors effecting species diversity??
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1.Temp
2.resources 3.predation 4.disturbance 5.production |
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there is a positive correlation btw species diversity and ...???
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the increases in environmental complexity or heterogeneity.
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disturbance biotic and a biotic factors?
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biotic: disease, predation, human
a biotic: hurricanes, fire, ice storm, flash floods, wind, drought. |
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disturbance characteristic??
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size
frequency turnover intensity severity |
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Intermediate disturbance hypothesis???
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*High disturbance low diversity
*Low disturbance allow competition to reduce diversity *intermediate disturbance high level of diversity. |
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# of boulders vary with disturbance??
level of disturbance & diversity for marine algae and invertebrates on INTERTIDAL |
High disturbance one species
Low disturbance two species Intermediate disturbance four species... |
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Supporting Connell's Hypothesis in communities with
PRAIRIE DOGS>>?? |
prairie dogs and plant species or vegetation
high intermediate disturbance allow high diversity in both forb and grass. |
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Disturbance ??
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can be harmful to the individual and may determine to other population...
also it can maintain or enhance species diversity... |
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facilitation
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enhance the growth, fitness, survivor due to enviro. modification by other species.
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botanical nursing
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nurse plant syndrome nuclation
it enhance the growth of other plant..ex: eastern red seedrer |
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IBI index of biological integrety
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compare what in the stream compare to reference condition # and kind of species are dominate by one species or many.
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IBI???
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below 60 something WRONG
IBI = ss + sf + Sa + sh quantitative sampling for qualitative score.. |
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Food web?
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a summary of the feeding interactions within a community
*small food web can be very complex!! |
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strong interactions
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the feeding activities of a few species have a dominant influence on community structure.
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indirect interactions ??
indirect commensalism?? |
indirect interaction; benefit through 3rd intermediary species
indirect commensalism; one benefit and other neither harmed or helped. |
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apparent competition??
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negative impact are the result of two species sharing a predator or herbivore or by one species facilitating population or a predator of second species.
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keystones species??
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species that has an effect on species diversity influence of the community that is disturbance to their species.
**Species whose influence on a community is DIS-proportionate to their biomass. |
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keystone???
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example of keystone ..sea star
Mutualists can act as keystone species... |
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Terrestrial primary production is limited by??
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is limited y temp and moisture
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biomass
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organic matter found in a defined are usually living
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primary production
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new organic matter or biomass
autotrophs |
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Rate of primary production
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amount of biomass produced over interval of time
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Gross primary production
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is the amount of biomass produced by all autotrophs in the ecosystem
initial energy assimilated |
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net production
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energy remain after respiration
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NPP
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is the amount of energy available for heterotrophs in the ecosystem
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factor effecting primary production
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abiotic : temp rainfall, phosphor, nutrient, distribution, prespiration
biotic: plant C3 C4 CAM animal utilization, community structure, animal biodiversity |
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AET
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*actual evaporation transpriation
*linear relation with primary production *AET increase with temp & mositure |
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primary production in grassland
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PP in grassland increases with greater annual percipitation
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fertilizer on PP
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fertilizer ( N, Ph, K) double the PP in Tundra study
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aquatic primary production
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limited by nutrient availability
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marine primary production
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highest rate of marine primary production take place along continental margin and in shallow seas.
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energy loss limit??
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energy loss limit the trophic level in the ecosystem
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trophic dynamic
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the transfer of energy from one part of an ecosystem to another.
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ecological efficiency
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when the energy at a lower trophic level is transferred to the next level
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energy transfer to
productin, respiration, biomass next trophic leve |
production 1%
respiration 50% biomass 40% trophic level 10% |
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assimilation Efficiency
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AE = (Energy assimilated/ energy ingested) *100%
assimilation: incorpration of any energy material into cell tissue or fluid of an organism. |
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trophic cascade hypothesis
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feeding by piscivores and planktivores affect the rate of PP in the lake
* top down control |
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diversity Vs. Nutrient
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increasing nutrient DECREASES diversity
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minerlization
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decmpostion of organic matter to inorganic matter
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decomposition importance??
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*final energy release
*nutrient moblization * two form fire and biological |
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factors controlling decomposition?
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mostiure
temp pH O2 substrate characteristic nutrient content |
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important of mositure?
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increases rainfall, and decompostion
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nutrient content??
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nitrate increase with the rate of decmposition with increase in phosphorus but it level off
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nutrient flux, sink, source
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flux = movement
sink = absorb source= release |
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nutrient cycle
sediment and gaseous |
sediment = P, Na, Ca
slow gases =fast C, N , H2O |
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ammonification
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take dead organically bond nitrogen an convert it to ammonia
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nitrosomonas
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convert ammonia to nitrate in the present of O2
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nitrofactor
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convert nitrite to nitrate
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denitrification
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nitrate in an aerobic envro, convert it back to molecular nitrogen
take nitrogen back to the enviro. |
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control sucession
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facilitative = helping each other
tolerance = inhabitation |
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stability
resistance resilance |
stability= rapid return
resistance= remain unchanged resilance = absorbed slow |
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stability increases with??
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stability increase with sucession
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succession is a different in
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colonizing ability
growth survival |
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increase in late succesion
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*Biomass
*Soils *stratification *species diversity *food web *stability *resistance all went from less---> more |
