Dive Biology Wk 5

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organic chemistry

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The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon and organic compounds, especially hydrocarbons.

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Vitalism

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a doctrine that ascribes the functions of a living organism to a vital principle distinct from chemical and physical forces.

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Carbohydrates

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Any of a large class of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon or oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates are produced in green plants by photosynthesis and serve as a major energy source in animal diets. Sugars, starches, and cellulose are all carbohydrates.

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Proteins

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Any of a large class of complex organic chemical compounds that are essential for life.

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Lipids

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Any of a large group of organic compounds that are oily to the touch and insoluble in water. Lipids include fatty acids, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides. They are a source of stored energy and are a component of cell membranes.

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Enzyme

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Any of numerous proteins produced in living cells that accelerate or catalyze the metabolic processes of an organism.

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coenzyme

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A nonprotein organic substance that usually contains a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific protein, called an apoenzyme, to form an active enzyme system.

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Monosaccharides

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Any of a class of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis and that constitute the building blocks of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

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Disaccharides

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any of a group of carbohydrates, as sucrose or lactose, that yield monosaccharides on hydrolysis.

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starch

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A carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants, especially wheat, corn, rice, and potatoes.

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Glycogen

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A polysaccharide stored in animal liver and muscle cells that is easily converted to glucose to meet metabolic energy requirements.

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Fats

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Any of a large number of oily compounds that are widely found in plant and animal tissues and serve mainly as a reserve source of energy.

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phospholipids

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Any of various phosphorus-containing lipids, such as lecithin, that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol. Phospholipids are the main lipids in cell membranes.

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amino acids

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any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, –NH2, and one carboxyl group, –COOH: the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH2)COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed.

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DNA

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Short for deoxyribonucleic acid. The nucleic acid that is the genetic material determining the makeup of all living cells and many viruses. It consists of two long strands of nucleotides linked together in a structure resembling a ladder twisted into a spiral.

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RNA

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Short for ribonucleic acid. The nucleic acid that is used in key metabolic processes for all steps of protein synthesis in all living cells and carries the genetic information of many viruses. Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides, and it occurs in a variety of lengths and shapes.

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Nucleotides

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Any of a group of organic compounds composed of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

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Transcription

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The process in a cell by which genetic material is copied from a strand of DNA to a complementary strand of RNA (called messenger RNA).

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Replication

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the process by which double-stranded DNA makes copies of itself, each strand, as it separates, synthesizing a complementary strand.

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Hydrolysis

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is a chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions, which may go on to participate in further reactions.