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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the WAGR complex?
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Wilm's tumor (renal neuroblastoma)
Aniridia (absence of iris) Genitourinary malformation Retardation (mental/motor) |
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What pathologic changes are seen in joints with osteoarthritis?
What pathologic changes are seen in rheumatoid arthritis? |
OA: Thickened capsule, slight synovial hypertrophy, osteophyte, ulcerated cartilage, sclerotic bone, joint space narrowing, subchondral bone cyst
RA:Bone and cartilage erosion, increased synovial fluid, pannus formation, joint space narrowing |
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What asthma medication is the inhaled treatment of choice for chronic asthma?
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Corticosteroids: beclomethason, prednisone
Mech: inhibit synthesis of cytokines and inactivated NF-kappaB which induces production of TNF alpha |
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Which asthma medication is the inhaled treatment of choice for acute exacerbations?
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Beta agonist: albuterol, salmeterol (specific)
Mech: relaxes bronchial smooth muscle Adverse: tremor, tachyarrythmia |
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Which asthma medication has a narrow therapeutic index and is a drug of last resort?
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Theophylline (methylxanthine)
Mech: inhibits phosphodiesterase which decreases cAMP hydrolysis Adverse: cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity P-450 metabolized Blocks actions of adenosine |
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Which asthma medication blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene?
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Zileuton
5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor |
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Which asthma medication inhibits mast cell release of mediators but is used for prophylaxis only?
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Cromolyn
Mech: prevents release of mediators from mast cells Effective only for prophylaxis |
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Which asthma medication is an inhaled treatment that blocks muscarinic receptors?
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Ipratropium
Mech: competitive block of muscarinic receptros to prevent bronchoconstriction Also used in COPD |
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Which asthma medication is an inhaled long-acting beta-2 agonist?
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Salmeterol is a lonter acting agent that can be used for prophylaxis
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Which asthma medication blocks leukotriene receptors?
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Zafirleukast, Monteleukast
Mech: block leukotriene receptors Good for aspirin induced asthma |
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How many half-lives does it take for a drug infused at a constant rate to reach 94% of steady state?
What variables determine the half-life of a drug? |
4
T1/2=0.7 x volume of distribution / clearance Clearance=rate of elimination of drug/plasma drug concentration |
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What is the cause of achalasia?
How is achalasia diagnosed? |
Definition: failure of relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
Cause: loss of myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus Diagnose using barium swallow which shows dilated esophagus with area of distal stenosis |
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What drugs are known for causing diabetes insipidus?
What drugs are used to treat diabetes insipidus? |
Cause: lithium, demeclocycline (ADH antagonist)
Treat: adequate fluid, hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride |
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What is the antidote for t-PA or streptokinase overdose?
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Aminocaproic acid
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What are 4 examples of encapsulated bacteria?
What test can be used to detect encapsulated bacteria? |
Kapsules Shield SHiN
Klebsiella pneumonia Salmonella Streptococcus pneumonia Haemophilus influenza type B Neisseria Meningitidis SHiN can make IgA protease, cause meningitis, and take up DNA from the environment (transformation) + Quellung reaction = capsular swelling |
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Compare the leading causes of death in ages 25-64 to those in ages 65+?
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25-64: cancer, heart disease, injuries, suicide, stroke
65 +: heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, pneumonia, influenza |
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What is the underlying problem in Wilson’s disease?
What are the characteristics of Wilson’s disease? What is the treatment for Wilson’s disease? |
Aka hepatolenticular degeneration
Problem: inadequate hepatic copper excretion and failure of copper to enter circulation as cerulopsmin Sx: ABCD Asterixis (liver hand flap) Basal ganglia degeneration (Parkinsonianism) Ceruloplsmin decrease, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposits (Kay-Fleisher rings), Copper accumulation (hepatocellular), Choreiform movements Dementia Hemolytic anemia Tx: penicillamine |
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What electrolyte abnormality is associated with excess free water intake and coma?
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Low serum Na+
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Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with flattened T waves on EKG?
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Low serum K +
Also see U waves, arrhythmias, paralysis |
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Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with kidney stones and abdominal pain?
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High serum Ca+2
Also see delirium, not necessarily calciuria |
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Which adrenergic antagonists can be used to treat hypertension as well as urinary retention in pts with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
ADVERSE: 1st dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache |
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Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with respiratory arrest and decreased reflexes?
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High serum Mg+
Also see delirium or cardiac arrest |
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Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with peaked T waves on EKG?
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High serum K+
Also see wide QRS and arrhythmias |
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Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with dehydration, delirium, coma?
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High serum Na+
Also see irritability |
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Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with neuromuscular irritability?
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Low serum Ca+2, low serum Mg 2+
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What changes are seen in an infant when there is long-term deprivation of affection?
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4 W's: Weak, Wordless, Wanting (socially), Wary
1. Decreased muscle tone 2. Poor language skills 3. Poor socialization skills 4. Lack of basic trust 5. Anaclitic depression 6. Weight loss 7. Physical illness Deprivation for more than 6 months can lead to irreversable damage |
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What is the underlying cause of hereditary spherocytosis?
What microscopic findings and lab values would you suspect in a pt with hereditary spherocytosis? |
Cause: defect in proteins interacting with RBC membrane skeleton and plasma membrane leading to less membrane and small round RBCs with no central pallor
Findings: splenomegaly, aplastic crisis (B19 infection ), Howell-Jolly bodies after splenectomy Lab: positive osmotic fragility test |
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What are all of the possible side-effects of glucocorticoid use?
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Cushing-like symptoms:
Immunosuppression Cataracts Acne Osteoporosis HTN Peptic ulcers Hyperglycemia Psychosis |
