Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
337 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which chamber of the heart is the MOST POSTERIOR
|
Left Atrium
|
|
|
Where does coronary artery occlusion most commonly occur
|
Left Anterior Descending a.
(LAD) |
|
|
If the Left atrium becomes enlarged and a patient develops dysphagia, what nerve is being compressed?
|
esophageal nerve
(Remember, LA is the MOST POSTERIOR part of the heart) |
|
|
If the Left atrium becomes enlarged and a patient develops hoarseness, what nerve is being compressed?
|
recurrent laryngeal n.
(Remember, LA is the MOST POSTERIOR part of the heart) |
|
|
What types of infections is Clindamycin used for?
Biggest side effect? |
Anaerobic infection from aspiration pneumonia or lung abcess
(Bacteriodes fragilis & C. difficile) **Causes Pseudomembranous Colitis*** |
|
|
What is the treatment for pseudomembranous colitis caused by clindamycin therapy?
|
DOC = metronidazole
(can also use vancomycin) |
|
|
Which coronary a. supplies the SA and AV nodes?
|
RCA
|
|
|
When trying to determine if a person has central diabetes insipidus (no ADH) or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (no renal response to ADH), which drug can you give a patient to tell which one they have?
|
Desmopressin (ADH analog)
**Only Central D.I. responds to desmopressin** |
|
|
How does HCTZ work to treat the polyuria associated with Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus?
|
HCTZ ↓ urine output by increasing Na+ and water absorption in the Collecting Duct.
This means less water is passing through the areas that are ADH sensitive (even though the receptors are absent) |
|
|
Translocation:
(9;22) |
CML
**Philadelphia Chromosome** |
|
|
Translocation:
(8;14) |
Burkitt Lymphoma
**c -myc** |
|
|
Translocation:
(11;22) |
Ewing's Sarcoma
** 11+22 = 33 --> Patrick Ewing's # ** |
|
|
What are the ENCAPSULATED bacteria?
|
Salmonella
Strep. pneumo Haemophilus Influenzae N. meningitidis *** "SSHiN" *** |
|
|
What test do we use to check for encapsulated bacteria?
|
Quelling Reaction
(+) Test = capsule swelling |
|
|
What are the 3 different eukaryotic RNA polymerases?
What types of RNA does each code for? |
polymerase I = rRNA
polymerase II = mRNA polymerase III = tRNA |
|
|
You suspect a patient may be having an MI. What labs should you order (4)
|
- EKG
- Troponin I -CK-MB - AST (non-specific --> also found in muscle and liver |
|
|
A 12 year old male presents with hypogonadism and anosmia**...
|
Kallman's Syndrome
low GnRH, LH & FSH |
|
|
name the obligate intracellular bacteria
|
-Rickettsia
-Chlamydia (Really Cold) |
|
|
What does the notochord go on to form in the adult?
|
Nucleus pulposis of intraverterbral discs
|
|
|
A man is in a motorcycle accident and winds up having an anterior hip dislocation. He is having trouble ADducting his hip. He is also unable to plantar flex his foot.
What 2 nerves were damaged? |
loss of ADduction = obturator n.
loss of Plantar Flexion = Tibial n. |
|
|
What is the embryological derivative forms the dorsal root ganglion and the PNS?
|
neural crest
|
|
|
When using TMP/SMX to treat a woman with recurrent UTIs:
what isTMP's MOA? What is SMX's MOA? What anti-cancer drug has a similar MOA to TMP? |
TMP --> inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
SMX --> inhibits dihydropterate synthase **Methotrexate has same MOA as TMP** |
|
|
Which type of lung cancer may lead to SIADH (too much ADH)
-hyponatremia -excessive water RETENTION - urine osmolarity > body osmolarity |
Small Cell CA of Lung
(makes ectopic ADH) |
|
|
What is the mutation associated with Polycythemia Vera where the bone marrow makes excessive RBCs, WBCs and platelets?
|
JAK2 mutation
|
|
|
What drugs do you use for absence seizures?
|
Ethosuximide or Valproic Acid
|
|
|
What drugs can be used for Status Elepticus:
-Prophylaxis? -Acute? |
Phenytoin = prophylaxis
BZDs = acute |
|
|
What is the only histone that is not part of the nucleosome core?
|
**H1** = "bead"
H2A, H2B, H3, H4 are all in nucleosome core = "string" |
|
|
In males, the gubernaculum anchors the testes in the scrotom.
What does the gubernaculum go on to form in the female? (2) |
Round lig + ovarian lig
|
|
|
Which complement protein acts as an opsonin?
|
C3b
|
|
|
Which complement proteins form the MAC?
|
C5b-9
|
|
|
Which complement protein aids in neutrophil chemotaxis?
|
C5a
|
|
|
What are the most common locations of atherosclerosis? (4)
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary a. > popliteal a. > carotid a.
|
|
|
Risk Factors for atherosclerosis?
|
-Smoking
-HTN -Diabetes -Hypercholesterolemia -Family Hx |
|
|
How do Histamine and ACh affect gastric acid secretion?
|
increase gastric acid secretion
|
|
|
how do prostaglandins, somatostatin, GIP and secretin affect gastric acid secretion?
|
decrease gastric acid secretion
|
|
|
Which class of HTN drug is teratogenic and causes renal damage to the fetus?
|
ACEi's
|
|
|
When is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens?
|
3rd to 8th week of pregnancy
|
|
|
What antifungal drugs cause gynecomastia?
What diuretic drug causes gynecomastia? |
Antifungal = Azoles
Diuretic = Spironolactone |
|
|
What gives rise to the a, c and v waves during the cardiac cycle?
|
a = atrial contraction
c = RV contraction (tricuspid bulges into atrium) v = increased RA pressure d/t filling against tricuspid valve |
|
|
A patient was admitted to the hospital 3 days ago due to an MI. He has been given all the usual medications.
Today, you notice is platelet count is 30,000. Why is it so low? |
**Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia**
-Heparin binds to platelet factor IV, -antibodies are produced, which bind and activate complement--> low platelets |
|
|
Which ant-seizure medication causes gingival hyperplasia?
|
phenytoin
|
|
|
When a patient with narcolepsy experiences cataplexy during times of laughter, which stage of sleep do they fall into first?
|
REM Sleep
|
|
|
Which stage of sleep does sleep walking, bedwetting and night terrors occur?
|
Stage 3 sleep
|
|
|
What is the stage of sleep that is the deepest sleep?
|
Stage 3
|
|
|
Which stage of sleep can be identified by **sleep spindles** and **k-complexes**?
|
Stage 2 Sleep
|
|
|
What does the paramesonephric duct (Mullerian) form in females?
|
Fallopian tubes
uterus upper 1/3 vagina |
|
|
What forms the lower 2/3 of the vagina?
|
urogenital sinus
|
|
|
Which gene must be activated on the Y chromosome to be able to form the testes?
|
SRY gene
|
|
|
Which immune cells release IFN-γ that inhibits T2 helper cells?
|
T1 helper cells
|
|
|
What drug is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus?
What drug is used to keep a patent ductus arteriosus open? |
Close = Indomethacin
Open = Prostaglandin-EE |
|
|
What structures are contained in the femoral sheath?
|
Femoral Vein
Femoral Artery Femoral Canal **does not contain nerve** |
|
|
How are the femoral vein, nerve, artery, and lymphatics ordered from LATERAL to MEDIAL?
|
**NAVEL**
Nerve Artery Vein Empty Space Lymphatics |
|
|
You have to place a catheter in the femoral vein. You feel the femoral pulse. Do you insert the needle medial or lateral to the femoral pulse?
|
You are feeling the femoral artery
The femoral vein is medial, so insert the needle medial to the pulse! **Venous near the Penis** |
|
|
Some crazy bastards like to eat Fugu Sashimi. It's made from a super-poisonous puffer fish in japan.
What toxin does it have? |
**Tetrodotoxin**
-Blocks Na+ channels in nerves -Death by respiratory failure |
|
|
A dude comes in with the "waiter's tip" sign with his right arm?
Diagnosis? Which trunk of brachial plexus |
**Erb's Palsy**
Damaage to upper trunk (C5-C6) of brachial plexus |
|
|
During pregnancy, which umbilical vessel has the highest oxygen content?
|
Umbilical vein
|
|
|
BZDs vs. Barbituates:
This drug class increases GABA-A's action by increasing the DURATION of Cl- channel opening |
Barbituates
** "barbiDURATES" ** |
|
|
BZDs vs. Barbituates:
This drug class increases GABA-A's action by increasing the FREQUENCY of Cl- channel opening |
BZDs
** "FREnzodiazipines" ** |
|
|
What hear sound is common in patients with CHF?
|
S3
(especially DILATED CHF) |
|
|
What is the treatment for carcinoid syndrome?
(massive amounts of 5-HT from tumor metastasis) |
ocreotide
|
|
|
name types of 4 drugs that are a common cause of sexual dysfunction in elderly men
|
Antihypertensives
SSRIs Neuroleptics Ethanol |
|
|
Which local anesthetic can cause bad dreams and hallucinations?
|
Ketamine
|
|
|
2 anti-cancer drugs that cause pulmonary fibrosis?
|
Bleomycin
Busulfan "Double B" |
|
|
name 3 drugs that are both Ototoxic and Nephrotoxic
|
Loop Diuretics
Aminoglycosides Cysplatin |
|
|
What type of anesthetic would you give to a patient having brain surgery?
You need to choose one that ↓ cerebral blood flow... |
Barbituates ↓ cerebral blood flow
|
|
|
Which anti-cancer drug causes myelosuppression that is reversible with leucovorin?
Which one causes myelosuppression that is NOT reversible by leucovorin? |
Reversible Myelosuppression with leucovorin = MTX
Irreversible with leucovorin = 5-FU |
|
|
What structure traps the inferior poles of the kidneys resulting in a horseshoe kidney?
|
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
** Fused INFERIOR poles; INFERIOR mesenteric a. ** |
|
|
This cardio disorder can be caused by an uncorrected ASD, VSD, or PDA.
Pulmonary hypertension increases pulmonary resistance which causes a L-->R shunt to switch to a R-->L shunt. This results in late cyanosis and clubbing. |
Eisenmenger's syndrome
|
|
|
What are the 4 features of Tetrology of Fallot?
|
1) Pulmonary Stenosis
2) RVH 3) Overriding Aorta 4) VSD |
|
|
What is the cause of Tetrology of Fallot?
|
Anteriorsuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
|
|
|
What Renal and Cardiac anomalies are associated with Turner Syndrome?
|
Horseshoe Kidney
Coarctation of Aorta (preductal) |
|
|
What is the portal triad?
|
Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein Common Bile Duct |
|
|
What GI ligament contains the portal triad
What is the portal triad? |
Hepatoduodenal ligament
-Hepatic a. -Portal v. -Common Bile Duct |
|
|
Claw hand deformity
|
ular nerve
|
|
|
Ape hand deformity
|
median nerve
|
|
|
wrist drop deformity
|
radial nerve
|
|
|
scapular winging deformity
|
long thoracic nerve
|
|
|
loss of forearm pronation.. what nerve?
|
median n.
|
|
|
loss of arm ABduction.. what nerve?
|
Axillary n. (deltoid m.)
|
|
|
loss of forearm extension... what nerve?
|
radian n.
|
|
|
trouble INITIATING arm ABduction .. what nerve?
|
suprascapular n.
|
|
|
What muscle protects the brachial plexus from fractured clavicles?
|
subclavius m.
|
|
|
loss of arm and forearm FLEXion... what nerve?
|
Musculocutaneous n.
|
|
|
Heart Embryology:
What does the truncus arteriosus become? |
Ascending Aorta and Pulmonary trunk
|
|
|
Heart Embryology:
What does the Left horn of sinous venosus become? |
coronary aa.
|
|
|
Heart Embryology:
What do the Right common and anterior cardinal veins become? |
Superior Vena Cava
|
|
|
Acyclovir is monophosphorylated (activated) into a GAUNOSINE analog by what viral enzyme?
|
Thymidine Kinase
(HSV, VZV, EBV) **won't treat CMV (no thymidine kinase)*** |
|
|
DOC for CMV?
|
gancyclovir
|
|
|
DOC for CMV RETINITIS when gancyclovir treatment fails?
|
Foscarnet
|
|
|
This anti-cancer drug inhibits topoisomerase II
|
Etoposide
|
|
|
What is a serotonin AGONIST used to treat migraines?
|
sumatriptan
|
|
|
This migraine drug causes coronary vasospasm...
Contraindicated in patients with CAD and Prinzemetal's Angina |
sumatriptan
|
|
|
Which pharyngeal pouch forms the thymus?
|
3rd pharyngeal pouch
|
|
|
Why do patient's with DiGeorge syndrome have frequent viral and fungal infections?
|
No thymus = T cell deficiency
|
|
|
MHC I vs. MHC II:
binds to CD8 |
MHC 1
|
|
|
MHC I vs. MHC II:
binds to CD4 |
MHC II
|
|
|
MHC I vs. MHC II:
expressed by ALL nucleated cells |
MHC I
|
|
|
MHC I vs. MHC II:
expressed ONLY by APCs |
MHC II
|
|
|
Causes of Edema:
Burn Victim A) ↑ capillary pressure B) ↑ capillary permeability C) ↓ plasma proteins |
B) ↑ capillary permeability
|
|
|
Causes of Edema:
-CHF A) ↑ capillary pressure B) ↑ capillary permeability C) ↓ plasma proteins |
A) ↑ capillary pressure
|
|
|
Causes of Edema:
-Chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis A) ↑ capillary pressure B) ↑ capillary permeability C) ↓ plasma proteins |
C) ↓ plasma proteins
|
|
|
This drug is used for hyperthyroidism. It blocks the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery
|
Propylthiouracil
|
|
|
What are the carpal bones?
|
Scaphoid
Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate |
|
|
Which bone is broken if you have pain in the anatomical snuff box?
|
Scaphoid
**Avascular Necrosis** |
|
|
What are the RBC count and Erythropoeitin count like in a patient with Polycythemia Vera?
|
High RBC Count
Low Erythropoeitin ***** |
|
|
What is the treatment for acute status epilepticus?
Prophylaxis treatment? |
Acute = BZDs
Prophylaxis = phenytoin |
|
|
What 2 AA's are Histones primarily made of?
**HY** |
Lysine + Argenine
(+ charged) |
|
|
What immunoglobulin acts as an opsonin?
|
IgG
|
|
|
Where are complement proteins made?
|
Liver
|
|
|
What hormonal disturbances can cause sexual dysfunction in males? (2)
|
- low testosterone
-hyperprolactinemia |
|
|
PPAR-γ is an important nuclear receptor and transcription factor that controls adipocyte differentiation...
What class of drugs can bind to PPAR-γ and **increase insulin sensitivity** in patients with diabetes? |
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
|
|
|
What is the greatest risk factor for developing Cholangiocarcinoma?
|
Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)
-more common in Asia |
|
|
A 32-year old African American male presents with complaints of voluminous, extremely watery diarrhea that he has had over the past 9 months. He says it looks like tea water. He also has complaints of lethargy and occasional crampy abdominal pain, along with constant thirst. He has had multiple workups for intestinal parasites, but no diagnosis has been made. Physical exam is unremarkable except for noticeable volume depletion. Stool is heme negative. What is your working diagnosis?
A. Giardiasis B. Pancreatic cholera C. Villous adenoma of the colon D. Irritable bowel syndrome E. Ulcerative colitis |
B. Pancreatic cholera
**Pancreatic cholera is known by many names: VIPoma, Verner Morrison Syndrome, and WDHA syndrome. It is a condition caused by an endocrine pancreas tumor of non-beta islet cells. The tumor either continuously or sporadically inappropriately releases high quantities of VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide). VIP, in healthy individuals, is usually released by the endocrine pancreas in response to ingestion of fats, proteins, and alcohol. VIP has many roles; in the gastrointestinal tract, it relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and gallbladder, but stimulates contraction of the enteric smooth muscle (intestinal smooth muscle), promoting bowel motility. In addition, it is a powerful stimulant to the release of very watery pancreatic fluids and watery bile, and a strong promoter towards the secretion of large volumes of water and electrolytes directly from the intestine itself. The result is extremely watery diarrhea (like cholera) that is tea-colored** |
|
|
What is a Meckel's Diverticulum a remnant of?
|
vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (vitelline duct) or yolk sac
|
|
|
A college football player takes a lateral blow to the knee..
What are the structures in the "Unhappy Triad"? |
1) Lateral Meniscus
2) ACL 3) MCL |
|
|
Abnormal passive ABduction of the knee would indicate what ligamentous injury?
|
MCL
|
|
|
A young child is found to have weakness in his extremities, bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.
He still has touch sensation. CT shows a Chiari II malformation and ________ at about **C8-T1*** |
***Syringomyelia***
-enlargement of central canal of spinal cord -Damages the anterior commisure of the SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT |
|
|
Where do you find T cells in the lymph node?
|
paracortex
|
|
|
Where do you find B cells in the lymph node?
|
Lymph follicles
|
|
|
Which T helper cell mediates the humoral response?
It secretes the cytokines: IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 -Activates B cells to make Ab |
T helper 2
|
|
|
Which T helper cell mediates the cellular immune response?
It secretes cytokines: IL-2 and IFN-γ -Activates Macrophages and CD8 T cells |
T helper 1
|
|
|
A first degree heart block means the PR interval is more than ____ msec
|
200 msec
|
|
|
Mobitz I vs. Mobitz II:
-progressive lengthening of PR interval, then, beat is "dropped" |
Mobitz I
(Wenkebach) |
|
|
Mobitz I vs. Mobitz II:
-dropped beats are NOT preceded by changes in the PR interval (no PR lengthening) |
Mobitz II
|
|
|
Tall, thin, young men are more prone to what respiratory system emergency?
|
PNEUMOTHORAX
|
|
|
What causes Rickets in children?
|
Vit. D deficiency
|
|
|
What 3 types of cells have creatine kinase (CK) in their cytoplasm?
-CK is released when these cells are injured |
-Cardiac Muscle Cells
-Skeletal Muscle Cells -Brain Cells |
|
|
What are the 3 most common functional pituitary tumors in order from most common to least common?
|
-Prolactinoma
-Growth Hormone Adenoma -Adrenocorticotropic Adenoma **PGA** |
|
|
What is the HLA type for Multiple Sclerosis?
|
HLA-DR2
|
|
|
What is Charcot's triad for MS?
|
1. nystagmus
2. scanning speech 3. intention tremmor |
|
|
What is Charcot's triad for Cholyangitis?
|
1. RUQ pain
2. Jaundice 3. Fever |
|
|
What demyelinating disease affects the PNS and features ASCENDING muscle weakness and paralysis?
|
Guillan Barre
|
|
|
What is the most common supratentorial brain tumor in children?
|
Craniopharyngioma
|
|
|
A craniopharyngioma is the most common supratentorial brain tumor in children.
It is a remnant of what embryological structure? |
Rathke's Pouch
|
|
|
What should you give for a heparin overdose?
|
protamine sulfate
|
|
|
What enzyme converts AMP to cAMP.
cAMP will then activates protein kinase |
adenyl cyclase
|
|
|
What is the name of the breathing pattern in diabetic ketoacidosis?
-deep, fast inspirations |
Kussmaul breathing
|
|
|
A 23 yo male is in a car wreck and sustains massive brain trauma.
You are told to watch him to see if he develops the Cushing's Reaction? What is that? |
**Central chemoreceptors in the brain**
↑ICP compresses the arterioles ↓ cerbral ischemia ↓ HTN (sympathetic rxn) ↓ reflex bradycardia |
|
|
Which of the MEN syndromes features:
-Pituitary tumors -Parathyroid tumors -Pancreatic tumors |
MEN I
**3 P's** |
|
|
Which of the MEN syndromes features:
-Thyroid medullary CA -Pheochromocytoma -Parathyroid tumors |
MEN II
**2 P's + 1 T** |
|
|
Which MEN syndrome features:
-Pheochromocytomas -Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (marfanoid syndrome) -Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma |
MEN IIb
**TOP** |
|
|
What do medullary thyroid CAs secrete?
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
What skin disease features silvery** scales with papules and plaques.
Also displays a (+) Auspitz sign** -bleeding after scraping scales |
Psoriasis
|
|
|
What are the levels of dopamine, serotonin, and ACh like in a patient with Parkinson's Dz?
|
↓DA
↑5-HT ↑ACh |
|
|
What are dopamine levels like in a Schizophrenic?
|
↑DA
|
|
|
What action does Tamoxifen have on breast? What about bone?
-Other than Breast CA, what else can it be used for? -What is the main concern with using Tamoxifen? |
- Antagonist in Breast, Agonist in Bone
-Can also be used to prevent osteoporosis -May ↑ risk of endometrial CA** |
|
|
What will a blood smear show post-splenectomy?
|
(+) Howell-Jolly bodies
|
|
|
Sheenan syndrome can cause pituitary hypofunction.
-What is Sheenan Syndrome?? |
**Sheenan Syndrome**
-post-partum hemmorrhage or decrease in BP causes infarct and necrosis of pituitary gland |
|
|
What test screens for Cushing's Syndrome?
What test confirms diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome? |
screen = 24hr urinary cortisol
Dx = dexamethasone supression test |
|
|
A pheochromocytoma excretes excess ______
|
NE
(and sometimes Epi) |
|
|
This syndrome is caused by an adrenal tumor that excretes too much ALDOSTERONE.
-HTN -HYPERnatremia -HYPOkalemia |
Conn Syndrome
|
|
|
What antibodies are found in a patient with Grave's Dz?
(primary hyperthyroidism) |
anti-TSH receptor Ab
(stimulate receptor --> make T3, T4) |
|
|
What hormone secreted by the placenta exacerbates Gestational Diabetes?
|
Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)
|
|
|
What is the very first clotting factor that is inhibited by Warfarin?
|
Factor VII ---> check PT
(short turnover) |
|
|
What is the first nerve to leave the brachial plexus?
|
long thoracic n.
|
|
|
What is the most likely tendon to be torn in a rotator cuff injury?
|
supraspinatus m.
|
|
|
What direction is the humerus most likely to sublux in a shoulder dislocation injury?
|
inferior-anterior direction
(over-extension) |
|
|
A heroin user presents with endocarditis. What is most likely the offending microbe?
|
Staph aureus
|
|
|
Which type of skin cancer features "rolled edges" with a central ulceration and is associated with telangiectasia?
-pearly papules -palisading nuclei |
Basal cell carcinoma
(Treat with 5-FU) |
|
|
What is considered a "low birth weight"?
|
less than 2,500 g
|
|
|
What is the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct?
|
foramen cecum of thyroid
(if thryoglossal duct persists = pyramidal lobe of thyroid) |
|
|
If the thyroglossal duct persists after thryoid development, what does it become?
|
pyramidal lobe of thyroid
|
|
|
What is the most common MIDLINE mass of the neck?
|
**thyroglossal duct cyst**
-moves when swallowing |
|
|
Describe the most common form of esophageal fistula...
upper esophagus? lower esophagus? |
BLIND upper esophagus
lower esophagus connected to TRACHEA |
|
|
What viral infection is associated with Burkitt lymphoma?
|
EBV
|
|
|
A patient presents right sided jaw edema and serum (+) EBV.
You suspect a B cell lymphoma. What is the gene translocation? |
Burkitt Lymphoma
(8,14) **c-myc** |
|
|
What are the 5 early cyanosis heart disorders?
(blue babies) |
**5 T's**
-Tetrology of Fallot -Truncus arteriosus -Transposition of Great Vessels -Tricuspid Atresia -Total anomalous pulmonary return (TAPVR) |
|
|
What is the most common congenital heart disorder?
|
VSD
|
|
|
Please name the structures in the retroperitoneum (9)
|
**SAD PUCKER**
-Super-renal glands (adrenals) -Aorta & IVC -Duodenum (2nd,3rd,4th parts only) -Pancreas (except tail) -Ureters -Colons (ascending & descending) -Kidneys -Esophagus -Rectum (upper 2/3) |
|
|
A research study has reveals results in a normal Gaussian curve distribution.
What percentive of the population in within 1 SD? 2SD? 3SD? |
1 SD= 68%
2 SD= 95% 3 SD = 99.7% |
|
|
Name an antiviral drug useful in the treatment of Parkinson's
|
Amantadine
|
|
|
A patient presents with deep,rapid breathes and a fruity odor. He is dehydrated and has abdominal pain. His blood glucose is 550 mg/dL
Dx? Tx? |
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
**IV fluids, IV insulin, K+** |
|
|
what is special about anthrax capsule?
|
contains D-glutamate (all others are just polysaccharide, 1-3-beta-D-glucan)
|
|
|
A child is experiencing sleepwalking, enuresis (bedwetting) and night terrors.
What stage sleep do these disorders occur in? What drug will decrease this stage of sleep? |
Stage 3 Sleep
**BZDs ↓ stage 3 sleep** |
|
|
What is Potter's Syndrome and why does it cause oligohydramos (less than .5L amniotic fluid)?
|
**Potter's Syndrome**
-usually d/t bilateral renal genesis -baby can't pee out amniotic fluid after swallowing it |
|
|
A patient with a documented VSD as a child presents with shortness of breath, cyanosis and clubbing. You suspect Eisengmyer's Syndrome. What is happening.
|
- The pt. was born with a L→R shunt.
-Pulmonary compensation → Pulm. HTN -↑ in pulmonary pressure causes L→ R shunt to switch to R→ L shunt → cyanosis, clubbing ** L→ R shunt to switches to R→ L shunt ** |
|
|
Where does the proximal 2/3 colon get its blood supply from?
How about the distal 1/3 colon? Embryonically, where are they derived from? |
**Proximal 2/3 Colon**
-derived from MIDGUT -Sup. Mesenteric artey **Distal 1/3 Colon** -derived from HINDGUT -Inf. Mesenteric artery |
|
|
The stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen are all derived from what embryonic structure?
What is their major blood supply? |
Derived from the FOREGUT
Supplied by Celiaq artery** |
|
|
What artery is most likely to be compressed to cause thoracic outlet syndrome?
|
subclavian a.
(Inferior trunk: C8,T1) |
|
|
Schizophrenia: Typical vs, Atypical Antipsychotics
- treat only positive symptoms |
Typical Antipsychotics
|
|
|
Schizophrenia: Typical vs, Atypical Antipsychotics
- treat positive and negative symptoms |
Atypical Antipsychotics
|
|
|
What type of crystals are found in synovial fluid of a patient with GOUT?
-What about a patient with PSEUDOGOUT? |
**Gout**
-urate crystals - NEGATIVE birefringent **Pseudogout** -calcium pyrophosphate crystals -POSITIVE birefringent |
|
|
The use of this drug during pregnancy (to tx bipolar d/o) may cause Ebstein's Anomaly --> atrialized right ventricle
|
Lithium
|
|
|
What is the #1 cause of teratogenicity in the U.S.?
|
Alcohol
|
|
|
What heart sound may indicate ventricular hypertrophy?
|
S4
|
|
|
What heart sound may indicated increased filling pressure (CHF), but is normal in kids and pregnant women?
|
S3
|
|
|
What valves close to make the S1 heart sound?
|
mitral and tricuspid valves
|
|
|
What valves close to make the S2 heart sound?
|
Aortic and pulmonic valves
|
|
|
Which type of diabetes has the strongest genetic predisposition?
|
type II DM
|
|
|
Which structures form Hesselbach's triangle?
-Which type of inguinal hernia is most likely to protrude through here? |
**Hesselbach's △**
-Inferior Epigastric a. -Lateral border of rectus abdominis -Inguinal Ligament **Direct Inguinal Hernia** |
|
|
What do you call an inguinal hernia that goes through the deep inguinal ring, external inguinal ring, and INTO the scrotum?
|
indirect inguinal hernia
|
|
|
A patient in a mountain bike crash injured the lateral side of his leg and now has a "foot drop".
What nerve wads damaged? |
common peroneal nerve
|
|
|
If a patient has a drinking problem, but does not acknowledge that it exists, what stage of overcoming substance abuse is he in?
|
Precontemplation
|
|
|
What drug is used for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDs patients?
|
Fluconazole
|
|
|
What anti-fungal deposits in keratin-containing tissues (nails)
|
Griseofulvin
(teratogenic, carcinogenic) |
|
|
What is the "swish and swallow" durg for oral candidiasis?
|
Nystatin
|
|
|
A 38 year old male presents with complaints of decreased libido and visual difficulties. A brain MRi reveals a tumor.
What is the tumor? |
Prolactinoma
|
|
|
FSH vs. LH
-stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone |
LH
**L, for LEYDIG*** |
|
|
FSH vs. LH
-stimulates Sertoli cells to produce ABP and Inhibin |
FSH
**S, for SERTOLI*** |
|
|
What are the necessary AAs for purine synthesis?
|
-Glycine
-Aspartate -Glutamine **GAG** |
|
|
What ratio indicates fetal lung maturity?
|
Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio > 2.0
|
|
|
What is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine?
|
a being fancy word for SURFACTANT...
(Made by Type II pneumocytes) |
|
|
This causes interstitial pneumonia. It is identified when finding yeast after Bronchial Lavage and a methamine-silver stain.
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci
(DOC= TMP-SMX) |
|
|
A patient has SIADH. What is greater, urine osmolarity of system osmolarity?
|
urine osmolarity > system osmolarity
|
|
|
What chemotherapy drug may cause SIADH?
|
cyclophosphamide
|
|
|
What type of eyestain would you use to check for a corneal abrasion?
|
Flouroscein eye-stain
(stains orange) |
|
|
A 65 year old man has routine blood work and SMUDGE cells are found in the bloodsmear.
He is diagnosed with a form of leukemia that is often asymptomatic and is treated with chemotherapy + prednisone. What is the leukemia? |
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
**Smudge Cells, asymptomatic** |
|
|
What is the antidote for Digoxin toxification?
|
Digoxin Immune Fab
|
|
|
What drug binds to CD3 and prevents transplant rejection?
|
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is an Arthus reaction or Serum sickness?
|
Type III --> immune complex
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a positive PPD test, poison ivy?
|
Type IV --> Delayed, T cell mediate
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a bee sting, or anaphylaxis?
|
Type I --> IgE mediated
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpastures, or pernicious anemia?
|
Type II --> Ab mediated
|
|
|
This drug is a 5α-reductase inhibitor that is useful in treating BPH
|
Finasteride
|
|
|
What is the difference between malingering and facticious disorder?
|
Malingering = causes Sx/Injury for secondary gain
Facticious = causes Sx/Injury for medical attention |
|
|
Which atypical antipsychotic drug causes agranulocytosis (↓ WBCs) and requires weekly monitoring?
|
Clozapine
|
|
|
When does the fetal heart begin to beat?
|
4 weeks
|
|
|
Which week of gestation can you identify the sex of a fetus?
|
10th week
|
|
|
What is the must susceptible time in a pregnancy where the fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens?
|
3-8 weeks
|
|
|
What are basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBCs?
|
Howell Jolly Bodies
|
|
|
What are ACh levels like in Alzheimer's?
|
DECREASED
**HY** |
|
|
What are the most common causes of a POSTERIOR shoulder dislocation
|
Seizures and Electrocution injuries
**HY** |
|
|
What is the standard tx for Pulmonary Embolism?
|
-Heparin
or -LMW Heparin (enoxaparin) |
|
|
What is the go-to amphetamine to treat narcolepsy?
|
Modafinil
**important** |
|
|
Which T cell regulates the humoral response? (B cells)
|
Th 2
|
|
|
Which T cell regulates the cell-mediated immunity response?
|
Th 1
|
|
|
Inguinal hernia that originates medial to Inferior epigastric a. ?
|
direct Inguinial Hernia
|
|
|
Inguinal hernia that originates lateral to Inferior epigastric a. ?
|
Indirect Inguinial Hernia
|
|
|
What does the notochord go on to form in the adult?
|
Nucleus Pulposis of Intervertebral Disc
|
|
|
What cells in the GI system make somatostatin?
|
D cells
|
|
|
What disease is characterized by serum eosinophilia, increased ESR, mononeuropathy and positive p-ANCA.
-Often with a prodrome of upper respiratory tract symptoms that can develop into asthma exacerbations |
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
(allergic granulomatous angitis) -small and med. sized vessels |
|
|
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a pattern of hyperventilation followed by apnea associated with_______ sleep apnea
|
Central sleep apnea
|
|
|
a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine) results in what disease?
|
Beriberi
|
|
|
Buzzwords:
Electrophoresis: M-spike** Urine: Ig Light Chains (Bence Jones Proteins**) |
Multiple Myeloma
|
|
|
What 2 enzymes do obligate anaerobic bacteria lack that leave them susceptible to oxidative damage?
|
-Catalase
-Superoxide dismutase |
|
|
This disease features a lack of NADPH oxidase which leads to increased suscewptibility of infection with catalase (+) organisms like Staph. aureus and E. coli...
|
Chronic Granulomatous Dz
|
|
|
What do Zollingeer-Ellison tumors of the stomach and pancreas secrete?
Which MEN syndrome is ZE associated with? |
-secrete Gastrin
-Associated with MEN I |
|
|
This renal malignancy is caused by deletion of WT1 on chromosome 11
|
Wilm's Tumor
**most common renal malignancy in kids (2-4yr)** |
|
|
What is the WAGR complex found in children with renal malignancies?
|
-Wilms' Tumor
-Aniridia -Genitourinary Malformation -motor and mental Retardation |
|
|
Do we want to use a test with high sensitivity of specificity when screening the general population for a disease?
|
High SENSITIVITY
(SNOUT= Sensitivity rules OUT) |
|
|
Do we want to use a test with high sensitivity of specificity whenconfriming the presence of a disease?
|
High SPECIFICITY
(SPIN = Specificity rules IN) |
|
|
What drug can be given to:
-treat acetaminophen OD AND -Loosen mucous plugs in CF patients AND -prophylaxis against IV contrast induced nephropathy |
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
A pregnant patient presents with hyperthyroidism. Which drug would you want to give propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole?
|
Give PTU!!
Methimazole is teratogenic! |
|
|
A foreign man presents with recurrent sinusitis. He also tells you that he and his wife have been unable to get pregnant and they have been trying since their teens.
Thinking TB, you order a CXR. It seems to be ba backwards, but you realize this man has situs inversus. What syndrome is the man suffering from to account for his infertility and recurrent sinus infections? |
**Kartagener's Syndrome**
-immotile cilia d/t dynein arm defect -associated with situs inversus |
|
|
What are the Major Jones' Criteria for Rheumatic Fever (5)
|
-SubQ nodules
-Polyarthritis -Erythema Nodosum -Chorea -Carditis (SPECC) |
|
|
This drug is frequently given after organ transplants.
-it binds to cyclophilins forming complexes that inhibit T cell activation by blocking calcineurin. - decreases IL-2 production and receptor |
Cyclosporine
|
|
|
RHF vs. LHF:
-Hepatomegaly (Nutmeg Liver) - Ankle, Sacral Edema - JVD |
RHF
|
|
|
RHF vs. LHF:
-Pulmonary Edema -Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Orthopnea (SOB when supine) |
LHF
|
|
|
A patient is in a motorcycle accident and undergoes an exploratory laparotomy to repair an intestinal bleed.
The next day, his creatine is elevated to 2 mg/dL. Why would you NOT want to use an NSAID in this patient to help with his soreness? |
NSAIDs may cause acute renal failure by ↓PGs...
PGs are needed to maintain vasodilation at the AFFERENT tubule in order to maintain GFR |
|
|
What is Charcot's Triad for Multiple Sclerosis?
|
1) Scanning Speech
2) Intention tremor 3) Nystagmus |
|
|
What type of collagen is defective in osteogenesis imperfecta?
|
Type I collagen
|
|
|
What type of collagen is defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
|
Type II collagen
|
|
|
What type of collagen forms bone, tendons and skin?
|
Type I collagen
|
|
|
What type of collagen organizes cartilage (hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus?
|
Type II collagen
|
|
|
What is the reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae in the US?
|
Armadillos
|
|
|
Buzzword:
-Leonine facies -Armadillos |
Mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
What is the antidote for digoxin toxicity?
|
Digoxin Immune Fab
|
|
|
Name 2 causes of "Nutmeg Liver"
|
-RHF
-Budd Chiari Syndrome ↓ **occlusion of IVC and hepatic vv. leading to congestive liver DZ** |
|
|
**Gastric Vs. Duodenal Ulcers**
-Pain abdominal pain increases with meals -weight loss - D/t ↓Mucus protection in high HCL state - Increased risk of CA |
Gastric Ulcer
|
|
|
**Gastric Vs. Duodenal Ulcers**
- Pain decreases when eating -weight gain -Hypertrophy of Brunner's Glands -Increased HCL or Decreased mucus - No increase in CA risk |
Duodenal ulcer
|
|
|
Buzzwords:
-Bamboo spine -Uveitis -Aortic regurgitation |
Ankylosing Spondylitis
|
|
|
What are the endocrine functions of the kidney (4 things it releases)?
|
-Erythropoeitin
-Renin - 1,25 Dihydroxy-Vitamin B -Prostaglandins |
|
|
Name the 2 XR lysosomal storage diseases
|
Fabry's
Hunter's |
|
|
Name the β1 selective antagonists
|
** A BEAM **
Acebutolol Betaxolol Esmolol Atenolol Metoprolol |
|
|
Buzzwords:
-HYPERkalemia -HYPOnatremia -Skin pigmentation |
Addison's Dz
(Primary Adrenal Insufficiency) |
|
|
Hodgkin's Vs. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma:
- (+) Reed Sternberg Cells - Focal, single group of nodes - Extranodal involvement is rare |
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
|
|
|
Hodgkin's Vs. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma:
- associated with HIV or Immunosuppression - Multiple, peripheral nodes -Extranodal involvement is common |
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
|
|
|
How do lactose fermenters show up on McConkey Agar?
|
pink
|
|
|
Name the 3 most common infectious bugs that are lactose fermenters and grow pink on McConkey's agar.
|
-Klebsiella
-E. Coli -Enterobacter **McConKEE** |
|
|
What is the most common primary cariac tumor in adults?
What is the most common primary cariac tumor in children? |
Adults = myxoma
Kids = Rhabdomyoma |
|
|
Which tpye of skin cancer is associated with arsenic exposure?
|
Squamous Cell CA of skin
|
|
|
Buzzword for skin cancer:
- "keratin pearls" |
Squamous Cell CA of skin
|
|
|
What are the causes of metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap?
|
**MUD PILES**
Methanol (formic acid) Uremia Diabetic Ketoacidosis Paraldehydes Iron or Isoniazid Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid) Salicylates |
|
|
What is the equation for anion gap?
|
Anion Gap = Na - (Cl + HCO3)
|
|
|
What is the DOC for a G- rod infection in a person with renal insufficiency?
|
ceftriaxone
|
|
|
What drug is a BIG GUN used for G+ cocci, G- rod and anaerobic infections?
|
Imipenem with Cilastatin
**always given with cilastatin to ↓dehydropeptidase I -driven deactivation in kidney** |
|
|
What is the prophylactic drug for TB?
|
INH
|
|
|
What is the 4 drug combo used to treat TB?
|
*RIPE*
Rifampin INH Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
|
|
What lobe of the prostate does adenocarcinoma usually arise?
|
posterior lobe
|
|
|
What lobes of the prostate are enlarged in BPH?
|
lateral and middle lobes
|
|
|
What food substance can cause hyperaldosteronism?
|
licorice
|
|
|
-Partial detachment of the placenta from uterine wall
-High risk for DIC |
Abruptio Placentae
|
|
|
What structures pass through the Cavernous Sinus? (lateral to pituitary gland)
|
-CN III, IV, VI --> extraoccular m.
-CN V1, V2 -Internal carotid a. (cavernous portion) |
|
|
What is the most common malignancy in children?
|
ALL
|
|
|
What is the most common solid tumor location in children
|
brain tumor
|
|
|
What is the most common supratentorial brain tumor in children?
|
craniopharyngioma
|
|
|
What is the most common bone tumor in children and 2nd most common primary malignant tumor of bone?
|
osteosarcoma
|
|
|
What is the most common renal tumor in children?
|
Wilm's Tumor
|
|
|
Most common primary cardiac tumor in kids?
|
rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
2 most common brain tumors in children?
|
Astrocytoma and Medulloblastoma
|
|
|
What class are Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam?
|
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
|
|
|
Name 3 endogenous causes of Cushing's Syndrome (too much cortisol)
(Exogenous cause = corticosteroids) |
1) ACTH releasing pituitary tumor
2) Ectopic ACTH (small cell lung CA) 3) Adrenal tumor (↓ACTH) |
|
|
Membranous glomerular diseases involve thickening of what structure?
|
Glomerular Basement Membrane
|
|
|
What is an autosomal recessive cause of kidney stones?
|
Cystinuria
-Cysteine stones |
|
|
A child presents with CNS defects, mental retardation and urine that smells like maple syrup.
what type of amino acids is he unable to metabolize due to a ↓ in alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase? |
**Branched Amino Acids**
Isoleucine Leucine Valine **I Love Maple syrup from maple trees with branches** |
|
|
What is the most common ketoacid to find in the urine of patient with Maple Syrup Urine Disease?
|
Leucine
|
|
|
Will Hemophilias A and B increase PT or PTT?
|
increased PTT
(intrinsic pathway, PTT measures all factors but VII and XIII) |
|
|
A patient presents with complaints of tea-colored urine and blistering cutaneous photosensitivity.
You suspect the most common porphyria. What is it? What is the enzyme defect? What substrate is accumulating? |
Porphryria cutanea tarda
-↓ Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase -↑ Uroporhyrin accumulation (tea-colored urine) |
|
|
What is the enzyme deficiency in Porphryria cutanea tarda?
|
-↓ Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
-↑ Uroporhyrin accumulation (tea-colored urine) |
|
|
Patient presents with sharp chest pain, aggrevated by inspiration.
He says the pain is relieved by sitting up and leaning forward |
pericarditis
|
|
|
buzzword:
-arthritis of MCP and PIP joints |
RA
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of RHF?
|
LHF
|
|
|
What HLA type is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?
|
HLA B27
|
|
|
42 year old male, heavy smoker, complains of leg pains and blue fingertips and hands. His foot has an ulcer but he has no history of Diabetes or hyperglycemia
|
Buerger's Disease
(Segmental thrombosing vasculitis) -Tx: smoking cessation |
|
|
Which sensory corpuscle senses position and fine touch?
Which corpuscle senses vibration and pressure? |
Meissner's = position, fine touch
Pacinian = virbration, pressure |
|
|
A patient presents saying his urine is really dark in the mornings. He has also been feeling very fatigued lately.
Urine is positive for hemosiderin |
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
|
|
|
An HIV (+) paytient presents with "shooting", "piercing" pain. Exam reveals decreased DTRs, a (+) Romberg, and pupils that can accomodate but do not react to light.
Dx? |
**Tabes Dorsalis**
(Tertiary, Neurosyphilis) -Degeneration of dorsal columns and roots -Argyll Robertson pupils (Prostitute's pupils) -Charcot Joints -Shooting (lightening) pain |
|
|
Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
|
Tetralogy of Fallot
|
|
|
What is a Barr body? What sex-chromosome disorder is it commonly found in?
|
Barr body = inactivated X chromosome
Found in patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY) |
|
|
A 24 yo male presents complaining of fever, headache and myalgia.
This is is second fever in two weeks. He recently returned from a trip to Mexico where he developed a lice infestation. What bacteria may be responsible for his recurrent fever? |
Borrelia recurrentis --> carried by lice
|
|
|
What is the equation for drug clearance?
|
rate of elimination/ plasma concentration
Also, Vd = Ke (which is the elimination constant) |
|
|
74 year old female presents with a right-sided headache. She says her jaw begins to ache when she's chewing food during a meal. She is also having some trouble seeing out of her left eye.
Labs show an elevated ESR |
Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis
-unliateral headache -visual changes --> opthalmic a. occlusion -jaw claudication |
|
|
A mother is concerned that her newborn is "too yellow".
You suspect physiologic jaundice due to the neonate's still-developing liver. What enzyme is deficient causing an increase of unconjugated bilirubin? What is the Tx? |
↓UDP-gucoronyl transferase
-Tx: phototherapy*** (maked unconjugated BR water-soluble) |
|
|
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids?
Adults? |
Kids = Minimal Change Dz
Adults = Membranous Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
What is the most common cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in HIV patients and Heroin users?
|
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
A patient presents with hematuria. Last week he had nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, but he is over it now.
Kidney biopsy reveals mesangial proliferation with Immune complex deposits Immunofluorescence shows IgA-based IC deposits in the mesangium |
Berger's Disease
(IgA nephropathy) -Related to Henoch-Schonlen -Follows UTI or Gastroenteritis |
|
|
This X-linked recessive disorder causes a deficiency in an enzyme that ultimately leads to increased ammonia in the body.
What enzyme is deficient? |
Ornithine transcarbomoylase deficiency
**↑ ammonia** blurred vision, tremors, cerebral edema, slurred speech, etc... (Note: ↑ammonia can also accumulate in liver damage associated with alcohol abuse) |
|
|
How does Vitamin D supplementation help prevent osteoporosis?
|
↑ Ca ++ and Phosphate absorption by bone
↑ Dietary Ca ++ and Phosphate absorption |
|
|
What vitamin is:
-Antioxidant -constituant of visual pigments -essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue |
Vit A.
(retinol) |
|
|
What vitamin is:
-cofacter is oxidation and reduction (FADH2) -deficiency causes Cheilosis (inflammed lips and corners of mouth) and Corneal vascularization |
Vit B2
(riboflavin) |
|
|
What vitamin is:
-constituent of NAD+, NADP+ (redox reactions) -Derived from Tryptophan (requires B6) -Deficiency leads to Pellegra (Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis) |
Vit. B3
(niacin) |
|
|
What vitamin is:
-essential component of CoA and fatty acid synthase |
Vit. B5
(pantothanate) **PANTO sounds like PENTO** |
|
|
What vitamin is:
-used in synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin (B3) and GABA |
Vit. B6
(pyridoxine) |
|
|
What are the muscles responsible for opening the jaw?
|
Lateral pterygoids
**Laterals Lower** |
|
|
What are the muscles responsible for opening the jaw?
|
-Medial Pterygoids
-Masseter -teMporalis **M's Munch** |
|
|
What is the most common renal malignancy in adults?
What gene deletion is associated with this malignancy? |
Renal Cell CA
-Associated with von Hipple-Lindau ***deletion in chromosome 3*** |
|
|
What is the most common bacteria to cause:
-Osteomyelitis ---> ? -Osteomyelitis in Sickle cell pt. ---> ? -Osteomyelitis in IV drug user ---> ? |
-Osteomyelitis ---> Staph aureus
-Osteomyelitis in Sickle cell pt. ---> Salmonella -Osteomyelitis in IV drug user ---> Pseudomonas |
|
|
What causes post-renal azotemia?
|
Outflow obstruction
(stones, neoplasm, congenital abnormalities, BPH) |
|
|
What is the main cause of pre-renal azotemia?
|
↓RBF (hypotension)
|
|
|
What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis?
|
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
|
|
|
What is the rate limiting enzyme for gluconeogenesis
|
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
|
|
|
A patient presents with an extremely painful, red right eye. The eye is rock hard on palpation.
|
Closed/Narrow angle glaucoma
(EMERGENCY) |
|
|
Which GLUT receptor is found in the brain and RBCs?
|
GLUT-1
(insulin independent glucose uptake) |
|
|
Which GLUT receptor is found on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?
|
GLUT-4
(insulin dependent glucose uptake) |
|
|
What is the most common site to find a berry aneurysm?
|
bifurcation of anterior communicating artery
|
|
|
What enzyme converts Glucose to Sorbitol?
|
Aldose reductase
|
|
|
A patient is stabbed in the back and there is a hemisection of the spinal cord.
This causes Brown-Sequard Syndrome. What are the losses to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides? |
**Ipsilateral**
-↓ motor function -↓ sensation -↓ proprioception -↓ 2-pt. discrimination **Contralateral** -↓ pain sensation ↓ temp. sensation |
