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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Side effects of atropine? (5)
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Hot as a hare
Dry as a bone Red as a beet Blind as a bat Mad as a hatter |
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What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma?
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1) alpha agonist (brominidine) - dec synthesis of aqueous humor
2) beta blocker (timolol) - dec secretions of AH 3) cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, physiostigmine) - inc outflow (via contraction of ciliary muscles to open trabecular meshwork) 4) diuretics (acetazolamide) - dec HCO3 --> dec secretion of AH 5) prostaglandins (latanoprost) - inc outflow of AH |
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What would you expect to find in the synovial fluid of a pt with gout? with pseudogout?
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gout - needle shaped crystals; neg birefringent (yellow=parallel)
pseudogout - calcium pyrophosphate crystals; pos birefringent |
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Which protozoa are responsible for the following diseases?
- Chagas' disease - amoebic dysentery - protozoal vaginitis - malaria - spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia - bloating, flatulence, foul-smeling diarrhea in campers and hikers |
- Chagas' disease = Trypanosomi cruzi
- amoebic dysentery = Entamoeba histolytica - protozoal vaginitis = Trichomonas vaginalis - malaria = Plasmodium (malariae, vivax/ovale, falciparum) - spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia = Leishmania donovani - bloating, flatulence, foul-smeling diarrhea in campers and hikers = Giardia lambia |
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What is the most common site of a berry aneurysm? What dz's are often assoc w/ berry aneurysms?
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1. bifurcation of ACA
2. APCKD, Ehler-Danlos syndrome, Marfans syndrome, others (old, HTN, smoke, black) |
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What enzyme converts glucose to sorbitol? What diabetic complications can be attributed to sorbitol induced osmotic damage?
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1. aldose reductase
2. cataracts, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy |
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What is the underlying cause of physiologic jaundice in the newborn? How is it treated?
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1. immature UDP - glucuronyl transferase --> unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
2. phototherapy (helps convert it to water soluble form) |
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What are the common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
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1. Sarcoidosis
2. Amyloidosis 3. Post-radiation fibrosis 4. Endocardial fibroelastosis 5. Hemochromatosis |
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What is the difference between a desmosome and a hemidesmosome?
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Hemidesmosomes connect cell to extracellular matrix (via Integrin and Laminin)
Desmosomes connect cells to cells (via Cadherins and Intermediate filaments) |
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Which cytokines are secreted by the two different types of helper T cells?
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CD4 helper T cells:
Th1 --> IL-2, IFN-gamma Th2 --> IL-3, IL-4, IL-10 |
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In the normal Gaussian curve, what % of sample population falls 1 standard deviation, 2 SD, 3 SD's?
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1 SD = 68%
2 SD = 95% 3 SD = 99.7% |
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What gives rise to the jugular venous a, c, and v waves?
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a = Atrial ctx
c = RV CTX v = closed TV --> due to inc atrial pressure |
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What are the different etiologies of Cushing's syndrome? how is the level of ACTH diff in each?
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1. (ACTH) pituitary tumor (C. disease) = inc ACTH (only one with decreased cortisol AFTER high dose dexamethasone)
2. Ectopic ACTH = inc ACTH 3. Adrenal (cortisol) tumor = dec ACTH |
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What is the cause of cystinuria? What is the treatment?
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hereditary defect in renal tubular AA transport (in the proximal convoluted tubule) for: "COLA" (cysteine, ornithine, lysine, arginine)
Tx = acetazolamide (which increases the pH of urine) |
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During what week of fetal development will the fetus reach the following landmarks?
- implantation - organogenesis - heart begins to beat - can distinguish male or female genitalia - gastrulation - formation of primitive streak and neural plate |
- implantation = week 1
- organogenesis = weeks 3-8 - heart begins to beat = week 4 - can distinguish male or female genitalia = week 10 - gastrulation = week 3 - formation of primitive streak and neural plate = Week 3 |
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Causes of mononeuropathy (6)
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compression, trauma, diabetes, vasculitis, radiation, inflammation (eg VZV)
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What organism is most commonly responsible for osteomyelitis?
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S. aureus
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What is exstrophy of the bladder? What condition is associated with this abnormality?
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defined as congenital anomaly in which part of bladder is outside the body (due to failure of abd wall to close during fetal development)
it's associated with EPISPADIAS (abnl opening of penile urethra on superior side of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle) |
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Which vitamin fits the following description?
- fat soluble antioxidant - mandatory neonatal injection prevents deficiency - cofactor for various carboxylations - converted to cofactor used in transamination (ALT, AST) - deficiency detected with Schilling test |
- fat soluble antioxidant = Vit E
- mandatory neonatal injection prevents deficiency = Vit K - cofactor for various carboxylations = Vit B7 (biotin) - converted to cofactor used in transamination (ALT, AST) = Vit B6 (pyridoxine) - deficiency detected with Schilling test = Vit B12 |
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What are the signs of bacterial endocarditis?
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"Bacteria FROM JANE"
Fever Roth spots Osler's nodes Murmur Janeway lesions Anemia Nail-bed hemorrhage Emboli |
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What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults? in children?
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adults = pheochromocytoma
children = neuroblastoma |
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Why should a "hot T-bone steak" come to mind when someone asks you about interleukins?
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"Hot T-Bone stEAk"
IL-1: fever ("Hot") IL-2: stimulates "T" cells IL-3: stimulates "B" cells IL-4: stimulates Ig"E" production IL-5: stimulates Ig"A" production |
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Which phase of hepatic metabolism is lost first by geriatric pts? Which phase is mediated by cytochrome p450?
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geriatrics pts lose phase I first. Cytochrome p450 mediates phase I.
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What are the common causes of metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap?
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AMUDPILES:
Aspirin Methanol Uremia Diabetic ketoacidosis Paraldehyde or Phenformin Iron tablets or INH Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Salicylates |
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What cancer causes "punched-out" lytic bone lesions that can be seen on x-ray?
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multiple myeloma
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Describe how the properties and clinical use of leuprolide can change depending on how it is administered
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Leuprolide = GnRH analog
Can be administered in two ways: 1) pulsatile fashion (in which it becomes an agonist and is useful for the treatment of infertility) 2) continuous fashion (in which it becomes an antagonist and is useful for treatment of prostate CA) |
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What are some of the complications associated with lung CA?
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"SPHERE of complications"
Superior vena cava syndrome Pancoast tumor Horner's syndrome Endocrine (paraneoplastic syndrome) Recurrent laryngeal symptoms (hoarseness) Effusions (pleural or pericardial) |
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What are the irreversible enzymes of glycolysis? What are the irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis?
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Glycolysis = hexokinase and glucokinase (in liver only), PFK-1, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase
Gluconeogenesis = pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase |
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In cases of hyperkalemia, what can be done to acutely shift potassium out of the serum and into cells in order to avoid cardiac arrhythmias?
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1. insulin (increases Na/K ATPase)
2. beta-adrenergic agonists (inc Na/K ATPase) 3. alkalosis (K/H exchanger) 4. HYPO-osmolarity |
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What nerves innervate the tongue?
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Taste = CN 7,9,10 (solitary nucleus)
Pain = CN V3, 9, 10 Motor = CN 12 |
