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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What developmental structure supplies oxygenated blood to fetus?
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Umbilical vein
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What developmental structure removes nitrogenous wastes from the fetal bladder?
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Urachus
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What fetal placental structure secretes hCG?
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Syncitiotrophoblast
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What is the maternal placental structure?
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Decidua basalis (from endometrium)
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What developmental structure returns deoxygenated blood from fetus? From where in the fetus?
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Ubilical arteries (2)
from the fetal iliac arteries |
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What embryologic structure gives rise to ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk?
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Truncus arteriosus
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What embryologic structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
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Left horn of the sinus venosus (SV)
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What embryologic structure gives rise to SVC?
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Right common cardinal vein and Right anterior cardinal vein
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What embryologic structure gives rise to the smooth parts of the left & right ventricles?
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Bulbus cordis
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What embryologic structure gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium?
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Right horn of the sinus venosus (SV)
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What embryologic structure gives rise to the trabeculated left and right atrium?
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Primitive atria
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What embryologic structure gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left & right ventricles?
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Primitive ventricle
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What structure divides the truncus arteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary trunks? What is its cellular origin?
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The Spiral / Aorticopulmonary Septum.
Neural crest cells migrate --> truncal and bulbar ridges |
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Which fetal vessel has the highest oxygenation?
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IVC (receiving 80% O2 blood from the umbilical vein, bypassing the liver via the ductus venosus)
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What adult structures are derived from the 3rd, 4th, and 6th aortic arches?
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3rd = Carotid (common & prox internal)
4th: - L = Aortic arch - R = Right subclavian (prox) 6th = Pulmonary aa's (prox) - L = Ductus arteriosus |
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What are the right-to-left shunts?
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Causing early cyanosis ("blue babies"):
5 T's: - Tetralogy of Fallot - Transposition of Great Vessels - Truncus arteriosus (persistent) - Tricuspid atresia - TAPVR = Total anomalous pulmonary venous return |
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What are the left-to-right shunts?
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Cause late cyanosis ("blue kids")
All the acronyms: (listed in order of frequency) - VSD - ASD - PDA |
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What is Eisenmenger's syndrome and why does it occur?
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It is the pathophysiology behind late cyanosis in L-to-R shunts (VSD, ASD, PDA).
The shunt causes more blood to enter lungs, resulting in hypertrophy of pulmonary vessels. Eventual Pulmonary HTN reverses the shunt to a R-to-L shunt --> late cyanosis |
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A 45-y/o male presents w/ BP of 160/90 on the R arm and 170/92 on the L; There are no palpable pulses in the feet/ankle. What problem does this pt most likely have?
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Post-ductal Coarctation of the Aorta
May also have "notching of the ribs" |
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What is the bloodflow of a PDA?
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Lower pressure in pulmonary system reverses a normal DA and blood flows from Aorta back into pulmonary circulation.
This leads to RVH and failure. |
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What are the risks for a macrosomic baby (e.g. born to a diabetic mother)?
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CDEF:
C - Clavicle fracture D - Dystocia (of the shoulder) E - Erb-Duchenne palsy F - Failure to progress during labor |
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Monozygotic twins delivered; One is pale w/ Hct of 15%, the other is flushed w/ Hct of 55%; What is the cause of these features?
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Twin-Twin Transufsion
Shared placenta/umbilical cord and one received more blood than the other. |
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Child presents w/ cleft lip; what embryonic process failed?
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M&M
Failure of the Nasal Processes to fuse: - Maxillary nasal process - Medial nasal process |
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How does the presentation of a branchial cleft cysts differ from that of a thyroglossal duct cyst?
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Branchial cleft = lateral neck, doesn't move w/ swallowing
Thyroglossal duct = midline, moves w/ swallowing |
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What are the classic presenting symptoms of a syringomyelia?
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Upper Extremity:
- Bilateral loss of pain/temp Hand muscles: - Weakness - Atrophy |
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What abnormalities are often found w/ an Arnol-Chiari malformation?
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3:
- Hydrocephaly - Syringomyelia - Myelomeningocele |
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What is the female homologue of the scrotum?
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Labia MAJORA
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What is the female homologue of prostate gland?
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Urethral & paraurethral glands
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What is the female homologue of the corpus spongiosum?
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Vestibular bulb
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What is the female homologue of the bulbourethral glands?
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Vestibular glands
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What is the female homologue of the ventral shaft of the penis?
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The labia minora
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A 24 y/o male develops testicular cancer; Metastatic spread occurs by what route?
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Lymph drainage = Para-aortic Lymphocele --> body
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Presence of ovaries but male genitalia?
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Female pseudo-hermaphrodite
(XX) |
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Ambiguous genitalia until puberty, then masculinization?
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Male pseudohermaphrodite.
"Penis @ 12" d/t surge in testosterone overcoming the DHT deficiency (d/t 5α-reductase deficiency) |
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A 23 y/o pt presents w/ one testicle. What is he @ risk for?
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35x increased risk of a germ cell tumor.
d/t cryptorchism |
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A 16 y/o female presents w/ amenorrhea; it is later discovered that she lacks a uterus and fallopian tubes and there are 2 round structures in the midline superior to the labia majora; What is the likely cause?
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Testes are near the labia majora and must be removed d/t increased cancer risk. XY pseudohermaphrodite |
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Most common cause of early cyanosis?
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Tetrology of fallot
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Most common cause of late cyanosis?
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VSD --> Eisenmeiger's syndrome
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Most common cause of primary amenorrhea?
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Turner syndrome (XO)
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Most common chromosomal disorder?
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Down syndrome (21)
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Most common cause of congenital mental retardation?
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
2 - Down 3 - Fragile X |
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Most common lethal genetic disease of Caucasians?
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Cystic fibrosis (CF)
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Most common cause of congenital malformations in US?
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EtOH --> Fetal alcohol syndrome
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What germ layer gives rise to the retina?
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Neuroectoderm (ectoderm)
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What germ layer gives rise to the salivary glands?
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Surface ectoderm
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What germ layer gives rise to the pancreas?
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Endoderm
(ventral bud from the liver diverticulum from the foregut) |
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What germ layer gives rise to the muscles of the abdominal wall?
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Mesoderm
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What germ layer gives rise to the thymus?
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Endoderm
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What germ layer gives rise to the spleen?
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Mesoderm
(dorsal mesentery) |
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What germ layer gives rise to the aorticopulmonary septum?
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Neural crest (ectoderm)
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What germ layer gives rise to the anterior pituitary?
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Surface ectoderm
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What germ layer gives rise to the posterior pituitary?
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Neuroectoderm (ectoderm)
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What germ layer gives rise to the bones of the skull?
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Neural crest (ectoderm)
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What germ layer gives rise to the cranial nerves?
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Neural crest (ectoderm)
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What is the most common type of TE Fistula?
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Type C: (85%)
- Upper esophagus --> blind pouch - Lower esophagus --> connects to trachea |
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What is Potter's syndrome?
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Bilateral renal agenesis d/t failure of the ureteric bud.
Leads to: - oligohydramnios - pulmonary hypoplasia - limb & facial anomalies |
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What is the classic presentation of congenital pyloric stenosis?
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1) palpable epigastric "olive"
2) NON-bilious, projectile vomiting 3) Hypochloremic Met Alk w/ Hypokalemia |
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List as many teratogens as you can?
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A (5): ACE Inhibitors, Alcohol, Alkylating agents, Aminoglycosides, Vit A
C (2): Carbamazepine, Cocaine D (2) : DES, DM (maternal) F: Folate antagonists (chemo) I: Iodine L: Lithium P: Phenytoin S: Smoking T (2): Tetracyclines, Thalidomide V: Valproate W: Warfarin X: X-rays |
