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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the fetal placental structure that secretes hCG?
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synctioblast
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What is the maternal component of the placenta
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decidous basalis
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Stages of embryo between conception and an inner cell mass
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zygote---morula---blastocyst
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When does hCG secretion begin?
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after implantation of blastocyst...within one week of conception
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When does the heart begin to beat in the fetus?
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Week 4
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Implantation happens on what day of development?
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Day 6
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What genes are the blueprints for skeletal morphology?
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HOX genes
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Vitamin A MOA of being a teratogen?
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Excess causes alteration of HOX gene expression
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mutation that causes an extra fused digit between 3rd and 4th fingers?
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HOXD-13
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Explain the notochord and neural plate's role in development
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notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and for form the neural plate...neural plate gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells...notochord becomes nucleus propulsus and intervertebral disk in adults
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Neural crest derivatives please
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ANS, dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, melanocytes, chromaffin cells, parafollicular c cells, schwann cells, pia and arachnoid mater, bones of skull, odontoblasts, aorticopulomnary septum
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Mesoderm defects
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VACTERL
Vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal defects, limb defects |
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Drugs that are contraindicated in pregnancy..go
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ACEi- renal damage
Aminoglycosides- CN VIII toxicity Alkylating agents- absence of digits, multiple anomalies Carbamazepine- neural tube, fingernail hypoplasia DES- vaginal clear cell adenocarcinom MTX Lithium- ebsteins anomaly Phenytoin Tetracyclines Thalidomides Valproate Warfarin |
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During what period of fetal development does organogeneis take place?
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3-8 weeks
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Vitamin A overuse during pregnancy leads to what and by what MOA?
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extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects
MOA:interferes with HOX genes and neural crest cell migration |
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Holoprosencephaly is associated with what gene mutation?
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Sonic hedgehog gene- mediates ectoderm
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This gene is necessary for proper organization of dorsal ventral axis?
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Wnt-7 gene
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This gene is involved in allowing for limb lengthening
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FGF gene
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#1 cause of mental retardation
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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origin of anterior pituitary?
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surface ectoderm
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cornea origin
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neural crest
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lens origin
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surface ectoderm
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retina origin
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neuroectoderm
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olfactory epithelium
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ectoderm surface
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mammary glands origin
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surface ectoderm
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salivary glands origin
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surface ectodern
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sweat glands
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surface ectoderm
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Origin of the tissue above the pectinate line
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endoderm
(below line is surface ectoderm) |
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What are nuclear localization signals?
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4-8 amino acids rich in lysine, arg, and proline that allow for materials to get thru nuclear envelope
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what provide structural framework for DNA and nuclear envelope?
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nuclear lamins
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Needs to be present on a protein for it to enter the nucleus
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nuclear localization signal
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What prevent progression of the cell into S phase?
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p53, Rb
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What cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G1 to S phase?
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cyclin D- CDK4
cyclin E- CDK2 |
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What cyclin-CDK complexes assist in progression from G2 to M phase?
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cyclin A- CDK2
cyclin B- CDK1 |
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nissle bodies are found where?
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in dendrites, (not in axon hillock) of neurons
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symptoms of I cell disease?
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+ corneal clouding, coarse facies, HSM, skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement
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pathophys of I cell disease
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no mannose 6 phosphate to target lysomal proteins---secretion out of cell instead of into lysosomes
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what "rescue" proteins and polypeptides from misfolding?
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heat shock proteins
hsp70, hsp90 |
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What drugs act of microtubules?
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Mebendazole. Griseofulvin, vincristine, paclitaxel. colchicine
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What organelle is responsible for the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids?
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peroxisome
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what are the intermediate filaments for
Connective tissue muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Axons Respectively |
connective tissue- vimentin
muscle tissue- desmin epithelial- cytokeratin axons- GFAP |
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What is present in plasma membrane that breaks down into arachidonic acid?
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phosphatidylinositol
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Thromboxane 3 main actions
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increase platelet aggregation, vascular tone, and bronchial tone
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Prostacyclin vs Prostaglandins..which one increase uterine tone?
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prostaglandins
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What drug inhibits lipoxygenase?
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zileuton
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What drugs inhibits the action of leukotrienes
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lukasts (zafirlukast)
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what is the make-up of IGF-1 and insulin receptors?
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2 alpha subunits (disulfide bonds)- bind extracellular ligand
2 beta subunits- tyrosine kinase activity |
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what drugs inhibit the sodium-potassium ATPase
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cardiac glycosides
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what cells dont have a G0 phase
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bone marrow cells, gut epithelium, hair follicles
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What CD prevents apoptosis?
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CD31
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What abnormalities are found in Arnold Chiari formation?
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syringomelia, thoracolumbar meningomyocele, hydrocephaly
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classic findings of syringomyelia
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cape-like distribution of loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper body, light touch intact
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amniotic fluid labs that might help dz anencephaly
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increase in AFP acetylcholinesterases
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forebrain (proencephalon) develops into what and then what
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telencephalon--->cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon---->thalamus, hypothalamus optic nerve and tracts |
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Hindbrian (rhombencephalon) develops into what then what
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**at week 5--
Into metencephalon---> pons and cerebellum Myelencephalon---> medulla |
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Holoprosencephaly pathophysiology
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decreased separation of hemispheres across midline>>>sonic hedge hog defect
patau's syndrome |
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Dandy-waker formation-
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large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. can lead to hydrocephalus
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reduced epinephrine leads to
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depression
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degeneration of basal nucleus of Meynert and less CNS ACh
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Alzheimers
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cells destroyed in multiple sclerosis
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oligodendrocytes
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HIV-infected microglia form
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multinucleated giant cells when fused
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What nervous system cells arise from mesoderm?
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microglia (like macrohages)
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cells destroyed in Guillan barre syndrome
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schwann cells
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nodes of Ranvier contain high concentrations of
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Na+ channels
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Guillan barre- inflammatory infiltrate in what
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endoneurium
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Location of synthesis of NE
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locus ceruleus, (reticular formation, solitary tract)
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location for synthesis of dopamine
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ventral tegmentum and SNc
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GABA is synthesized in
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nucleus acccumbens
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What is synthesized in basal nucleus of meynert?
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Ach
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what are the components of the blood brain barrier?
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tight junctions, BM, foot processes
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what organelle and cytochrome is particularly important in intrinsic apoptosis?
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mitchondria---cytochrome C
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Supraoptic nucleus makes
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ADH
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Paraventricular nucleus makes
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oxytocin
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Laterl area of hypothalamus controls
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hunger..inhibited by leptin
destruction results in anorexia |
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Anterior vs posterior hypothalamus
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anterior- cooling, PS
posterior- heating, SNS |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input frrom
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retina- regulates circadian rhythm
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Posterior pituitary originates from
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neuroectoderm
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Destruction results in neurogenic diabetes insipidus
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supraoptic
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This releases hormones affecting the anterior pituitary
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Arcuate
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During what stage of sleep would a man have variable BP, penile tumescence, variable EEG?
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REM sleep
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Waves on EEG for stages of sleep
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1- theta
2- K complexes spindles 3/4- delta REM- beta |
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What drugs shorten stage 4 sleep?
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BZDs, imipramine
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What is the key transmitter in initating sleep?
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serotonin
(REM- ACh) |
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Pathway by which retinal information induces release of melatonin?
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SCN- NE release-pineal gland- melatonin
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