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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Congenital Malformations
(x4) Causes- Vulnerability- |
- Structural
- Functional - Metabolic - Behavioural - Genetic- inherited or acquired - Environmental- teratogens - Organogenesis in embryonic development - Each organ has specific window (sequence= blasto/organo/histo/funct. maturation) - Defect. prolif./migrat./fusion/merging/ regress./diff. |
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Developmental failures
(x5) |
Failure to-
- Grow- agenesis/ aplasia/ hypoplasia - Fuse- dysraphia - Canalise/ divide- atresia - Migrate - Regress |
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Developmental excess
(x4) |
Hamartoma- excess. redundant tiss. at normal site
- Choristoma- excess normal tiss. at abnormal site - Supernumary tissue - Incomplete duplication |
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Alterations
(x3) |
Atrophy- Dec size/ number of cells
- From - Dec demand - Loss of stim. - Nutrition - Blood supply - Pressure - Inflam/ necrosis - Hyperplasia- only if cells capable of mitosis - Inc number of cells - Hypertrophy - Inc size of cells -Causes of HT and HP- - Inc funct. demand - Inc stim - Age - Reactive |
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Developmental dysplasias
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Disorderly organisation/ development of cells
- Metaplasia- reversible cell change -causes- chronic inflam/ Vit A def./ Oest./ Tumours - Dysplasia- Inc prolif. +incomp. maturation (pre-neopl.) - Loss of architecture/ pleomorp./ loss of funct./ inc mitotic figure - After chronic inflam - Neoplasia |
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Neoplasia
Define- Development- Rate- |
- Progressive, virtually autonomous mass of cells prolif. out of control, caused by genetic changes
1) Initiation- mutation- inherit/acquire, spont./induced 2) Promotion- further mutations acqu. - Mutagenic stim.- eg chemicals - Non-mutagenic factors- eg oest. (tumour promoters) 3) Progression- dev. of invasive, metastatic behaviour - Altered adhesion to adj cells (dec then inc) - Excavate through tissue and BV - induce angiogen. -Rate- - Mutation rate - Number of cells affected - Prolif. rate - Cell death rate |
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Neoplasia vs normal growth-
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- *Self sufficient, limitless growth
- *Insens. to anti- growth chem. - * Apoptosis and host immune system evasion - Sustained angiogen. - Tissue invasion and metastasis |
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Cell cycle
Control- |
- Proto-oncogenes- promote prolif.
- eg. GF, GF Rs, IC signal transducers, nuclear reg. proteins, cell cycle regulators - Tumour supression genes- prevent prolif. - Disruption (req damage to both alleles)---> loss of mediation of cell cycle- checkpoints lost - Unreg cell prolif/ cell damage/ loss of inhib |
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Oncogenes-
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- Oncogenes-
- Over-active abnormal proto-oncogene - Prod. excess. normal proteins - Viral= v-src (sarcomere) ---> eg. retrovirus eg FeLV - Cellular= c-src ---> proto---> onco. |
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Apoptosis evasion
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- Loss of p53 protein- transcription factor
- Should arrest cell cycle in G1- induce DNA repair/ promote apoptosis - Limitless replicative capacity- - Inc telomerase- synth and repair of telomeres - Prevents cell senescent |
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Models of development
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- Clonal evolution theory- stochastic model
- Daughter cells all from 1 original cell- all equipotent - Subclonal pops have diff. characteristics (diff. mut.) - Cancer stem cell model - Cancer initiating cells - Daughter cells have different fates- stem + differentiation. Only stem can prolif extensively - Heterogenous + hierachical pops |
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Benign vs Malig.
Differentiation- (x4) |
1) Rate of growth
2) Differentiation -Pleomorphism - Inc nuc.:cyto. - Nuclear hyperchromasia - Inc mitotic rate- abnormal divis.- tri/ multipolar 3) Invasion -benign- cohesive, expansile, localised,encapsulated - malig- poorly demarkated 4) Metastasis -Haematogenous- Sarcomas - Lymphatic- Carcinomas - Direct seeding/ transcoelomic |
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Classification-
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- Histogenesis
- Benign vs Malig. - Description |
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Mesenchymal tumour
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-B- oma
-M- sarcoma |
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Epithelial -non-glandular
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- B- surface- papilloma
- B- mucosal- polyp - M- carcinoma |
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Glandular Epithelia
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- B- adenoma
- M- adenocarcinoma |
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Haemopoietic-
Bone Marrow/ circ cells- Lymphoid tiss- Plasma cells- - In bone marrow - Out of bone marrow Mast cells- Histiocytes |
- Leukaemia
- lymphoma/ lymphosarcoma - PC - In BM- Myeloma - Out- B- plasmacytoma - M- extramedullary plasmacytoma Mast cell tumour -B- Histiocytoma -M- Histiocytic sarcoma |
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Fibroblast
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- Fibroma/ fibrosarcoma
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Chondrocyte
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- Chondroma/ chondrosarcoma
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Osteoblast
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- Osteoma/ Osteosarcoma
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Adipocyte
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- Lipoma/ liposarcoma
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Vasc. Endo
Lymphatic endo |
- Haemangioma/sarcoma
- Lymphangioma/sarcoma |
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Sk. mm.
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- Rhabdomyoma/myosarcoma
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Sm mm
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- Leiomyoma/myosarcoma
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Liver
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- Hepatocellular adenoma/ carcinoma
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Pancreas
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- Pancreatic exocrine adenoma/ carcinoma
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Intestines
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- Adenoma, polyp/ Adenocarcinoma, carcinoma
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Kidney
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- Renal adenoma/ carcinoma
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Resp tract
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- Adenoma/ adenocarcinoma, carcinoma
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Testicular
- Germ cell - Interstitial |
- Seminoma (teratoma)
- Leydig, interstitial cell tumour |
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Ovarian
- Stroma - Germ cell |
- Granulosa cell tumour
- Dysgerminoma (teratoma) |
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Embryonic
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- Blastoma
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Melanocyte
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-Melanocytoma/ malignant melanoma
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Diagnosis of tumour
Basic shapes- |
- Microscope/ EM/ immunohistochemistry
- Morphology- - Basic shape - Spindle- elongated, tapered, long and thin - Mesenchymal, CT - Epithelioid- plump, polygonal, polyhedral, squamous - Epithelia, neuroendocrine - Round- round/ oval - Haematopoietic, myeloid, lymphoid, mast cells |
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General Patterns of tumours
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- General Patterns
-Bundles, whorls, streams - mesenchymal - Acinar- glandular - Tubular- glandular - Cystic- glandular - Papillary, arborising (along CT core)- glandular and epi - Chords- chains - Nests and lobules- islands - Epithelial - Sheets- tightly packed- ++ nuclei, little CT support - Round cell (some carcinomas) - Packets- groups -neuroendocrine |
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Additional features
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- Desmoplasia- prominent amounts of collagen
- Haemorrhage - Necrosis - Inflammation - Immune response - Functional? Original funct? |
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Effects on host
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- Direct physical effects
- Paraneoplastic (2o) syndromes - Metabolic + endocrine disorders - eg hypercalcaemia PTH-like pep. - eg hyperhistaminaemia - Haematological complications - eg bone marrow supp. c Oest prod tumours - Immune med. disorders - eg Thymoma---> myasthenia gravis - Other- fever, cachexia |
