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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The brain alters rate and depth of respiration mostly due to alteration in the amount of what substance in the blood?
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Carbon dioxide
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Increased respiration caused by?
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Increased CO2
Decreased O2 Decreased pH |
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What does Decreased CO2 and Increased pH cause?
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Decreased respirations
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Inadequate oxygen in blood
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Hypoxemia
Low arterial O2 Low hemoglobin saturation |
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Hypoxia
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Inadequate oxygen in tissues
Difficult to measure Assumed abnormal if PaO2 is abnormal |
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Rate/Rhythm Abnormalities
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Decreased LOC
Muscle weakness Temperature Anxiety CO2 narcosis Drugs narcotics recreational |
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V =
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Amount of air in and out of lungs
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Amount of blood flow inside lungs
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Q
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Normal V-Q match/Ratio
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4/5 or 0.8
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Lung Perfusion
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Gravity dependent
Perfusion greatest in dependent lung area |
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Causes of poor Ventilation
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Airway obstruction
Mucus Edema Restrictive diseases Atelectasis Compensatory hypoxemic vasoconstriction |
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Alveolar dead space
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Alveoli well-ventilated but not adequately perfused
ventilation is wasted |
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Causes of poor perfusion
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Pulmonary emboli
Sudden dyspnea fat emboli DVT Severe hypoxemia |
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Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (OPD)
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Inspiration
Airways open wider Expiration Airways narrow |
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OPD Characteristics
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Trapped air
Increased lung compliance "elasticity of lung" |
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Intermittent airway obstruction
Spasm of smooth muscle Edema of bronchial mucosa Secretion of excessive thick mucus |
Asthma
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Asthma Etiology
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Intrinsic
Allergens - foods, animals, meds Extrinsic URI Smoking Emotional stress, exercise |
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Asthma Prevention
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Inhaled corticosteriods often 1st choice
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Status Asthmaticus
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Severe respiratory distress
Unresponsive to initial therapy Epinephrine drug of choice |
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COPD Risk Factors
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Particles
Genes Age - avg age 70; avg in KY 50 Gender Oxidative stress Altered lung growth and development Prematurity CF Poor nutrition Comorbidities Respiratory infections Socioeconomic status |
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Emphysema
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Destruction of alveoli
Decreased surface area for gas exchange Airway collapse Air trapping |
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Etiology of Emphysema
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Smoking
Mucosal inflammation Elastase enzyme decreased Alveoli destroyed |
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Coughing > 3 months x 2 years
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Chronic Bronchitis
Etiology Smoking Air pollution |
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Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
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Productive cough
Fever Anorexia Weight loss Fatigue |
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Empyema
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Pus
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Low Protein Fluid
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Transudate
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High Protein Fluid
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Exudate
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Hemothorax
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Blood
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Chylothorax
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Lymph
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Pleural Effusion Tertiary Prevention
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Thoracentesis - sticking needle into thorax
Drainage |
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Pneumothorax
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Simple
Air in pleural cavity Tension Trauma |
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Pneumoconioses
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Seen in coal mine workers and glass blowers
Black lung Silicosis Asbestosis Foreign particles Inflammatory process Decreased lung elasticity |
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Primary Prevention of Pneumoconioses
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Environmental control of air-borne non-biodegradable substances
Protective gear |
