Disorders Of The Pns

Front 1

What is axonal neuropathies?

Back 1

A direct injury to axons ord neuronal body, which causes degeneration of nerve tissue distal to injury

Front 2

What is demyelinating neuropathies?

Back 2

Damage to Schwann cells or myelin

Front 3

What causes mononeuropathy?

Back 3

Direct trauma or entrapment

Front 4

How many spinal nerves do we have

Back 4

31 pair

Front 5

Give the exiting position of spinal nerves in cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

Back 5

C1-C7 exit above, C8 exit between C7-Th1, Th1-L5 exit below, S1-S4 exit through sacral foramina and S5 and coccygeal spinal nerve exit through sacral hiatus.

Hint 5

Front 6

Cells that myelin periferal nerves?

Back 6

Schwann cells

Front 7

Explain endoneurium

Back 7

Covering individual axons

Front 8

Explain perineurium

Back 8

Covering a bundle of axons

Hint 8

Fascicle

Front 9

Explain epineurium

Back 9

Outermost covering of the entire nerve

Front 10

Function of meningeal branch?

Back 10

Supplies vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the cord and meninges

Front 11

Function of posterior ramus?

Back 11

Innervation of posterior trunk muscles and skin

Front 12

Function of anterior ramus?

Back 12

Innervation of muscles and structures of upper and lower limb and muscles and skin of lateral and anterior trunk.

Front 13

Give 3 causes of GBS

Back 13

Can develop spontaneously, after systemic infection, other stress

Front 14

What is Guillian-Barré syndrome?

Back 14

Autoimmune attack on periferal nerves and roots. It has a demyalinisation of motor axons.

Front 15

Give symptoms of GBS

Back 15

Relative symmetric weaknesses beginning in legs, progressing to arms. Deep tendon reflexes lost. Prominent motor axon weakness, less sensory.

Front 16

Vaccine or infection can cause GBS. Which ones?

Back 16

Swine flu vaccine, campylobacter jejuni, mycoplasma pneumonia, Epstein-Barr virus or HIV.

Front 17

What is the incidens of GBS in Sweden?

Back 17

90 cases per year

Front 18

How do you treat GBS?

Back 18

Plasmapherisis - removal of blood with separation and replacement of plasma. Remove antibodies from bloodstream. Supress immune system.

Front 19

What is chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy?

Back 19

Autoimmune inflammation of axonal myelin sheath

Front 20

What is CIDP characterised by?

Back 20

Symmetric weakness of proximal and distal muscles. Affecting both motor and sensory neurons.

Front 21

How can GBS and CIDP differentiate from each other?

Back 21

GBS worsens during 1-2 weeks.

CIDP gradual onset during 1-2 months.

Front 22

What are the symptoms of CIDP?

Back 22

Fatigue, symmetric weakness in legs and arms, pain and parasthesia, loss of deep tendon reflexes and difficulty with coordination.

Front 23

How is CIDP treated?

Back 23

With corticosteroids or sometimes with plasmapherisis or immune globulin.

Front 24

This is the most common complication of diabetes.

Back 24

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Hint 24

Affecting 50% of all diabetic patients

Front 25

Give 5 causes of peripheral neuropathy besides diabetes.

Back 25

Drugs, alcohol, vasculitis, thyroid disease and vitamin B1, B3, B6 or B12 deficiency.

Front 26

Name the disorder.

Back 26

Myasthenia Gravis MG

Front 27

What kind of disorde is MG?

Back 27

Neuromuscular junction disorder.

Front 28

What causes MG?

Back 28

Autoantibodies block the function of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors at motor end plates.

Front 29

What are the common symptoms of MG?

Back 29

Ptosis of eyelids, diplopia and muscle weakness after use of the affected muscle.

Front 30

How can MG be treated?

Back 30

Plasmapherisis, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs or removal of thymus

Front 31

What is the incidens in MG?

Back 31

3 in 100000

Front 32

Name most common affected sexes and age in MG?

Back 32

More common in females, age 20-40, males may present after 60.

Front 33

What is the similar syndrome to myasthenia Gravis?

Back 33

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Front 34

What is tetanus?

Back 34

It is acute poisoning from a neurotoxin produced by clostridium tetani

Front 35

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

Back 35

Tonic spasm of voluntary muscles.

Front 36

Give examples of muscles that can be affected.

Back 36

Facial muscles spasm, spasm of abdominal, neck and back muscles. Sphincter spasm, diphragm, chest muscles.

Front 37

Where can tetanus bacilli be found?

Back 37

In soil and animal feces

Front 38

Which disease?

Back 38

Tetanus

Front 39

What is botulism?

Back 39

Neuromuscular poisoning due to clostridium botulinum toxin.

Front 40

How do botulism affect people?

Back 40

Symmetric cranial nerve pals is accompanied by a symmetric descending weakness and flaccid paralysis without sensory deficits.

Front 41

What are the sources of infection from botulism?

Back 41

Cured or smoked fish, meat or vegetables. Home-canned foods.

Can be found in honey. Sausage poisoning.

Front 42

Botulism occurs in 3 forms. Which ones?

Back 42

Food-borne, wound, infant

Front 43

What is polyneuropathy?

Back 43

Diffuse peripheral nerve disorder that is bilaterally symmetrical and thus not confined to the distribution of a single nerve or a single limb.

Front 44

What is mononeuropathy?

Back 44

Sensory disturbances and weaknesses in the distribution of the affected nerve.

Front 45

Name 2 peripheral nerve disorders that has impaired acetylcholine release from presynaptic nerve terminals.

Back 45

Eaton-Lambert syndrome and Botulism

Front 46

What is stocking-and-glove distribution?

Back 46

Loss of sensation and parasthesias starts in toes and spread upwards to fingers and hands.

Polyneuropathies