Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
mood state characterized by strong negative emotion an bodily symptoms of tension in which an individual apprehensively anticipates FUTURE danger or misfortune
|
anxiety
|
|
|
IMMEDIATE reaction to danger
|
fear
|
|
|
the cild experiences excessive and debilitating anxieties
|
anxiety disorders
|
|
|
autonomic arousal
fight/flight freeze repsonse |
physical symptom
|
|
|
expectation of danger
|
cognitive symptom
|
|
|
avoidance
|
behavioral symptom
|
|
|
what kind of symptoms are these
increased heart rate fatigue increased respiration nausea upset stomach dizziness blurred vision dry mouth muscle tension heart palpitation blushing vomiting numbness sweating |
physical symptoms
|
|
|
thoughts of being scared or hurt
thoughts or images of monsters or wild animals self deprecatory or self critical thoughts thoughts of incompetence or inadequacy difficulty [] blanking out or forgetfulness thoughts of appearing foolish thoughts of bodily injury images of harm to loved ones thoughts of going crazy thoughts of contamination |
cognitive symptoms
|
|
|
avoidance
crying or screaming nail biting trembling voice stuttering trembling lip swallowing immobility twitching thumb sucking avoiding eye contact clenched jaw fidgeting |
behavior symptoms
|
|
|
kids with anxiety don't worry more than other kids, they...
|
worry more intensely
|
|
|
separation anxiety disorder symptoms
|
constant thoughts and intense fears about the safety of parents and caretakers
refusing to go to school frequent stomach aches and other physical symptoms extreme worries about sleeping away from home being overly clingy panic or tantrums at time of separation from parents trouble sleeping or nightmares |
|
|
separation anxiety symptoms must last at least
|
4 weeks
|
|
|
separation anxiety disorder prevalence
|
~10% of all children
equally prevalent in boys and girls higher prevalence in lower SES families greater risk if mother has high anxiety |
|
|
what is the most common of all anxiety disorders
|
separation anxiety disorder
|
|
|
sep anxiety disorder course
|
often occurs after major stressor has been experienced
mild to severe symptoms can fluctuate over time often refuse to attend school most recover from though some develop depression later |
|
|
refusal to attend class or difficulty remaining in school for the entire day
-severe anxiety and somatic symptoms (eg stomach aches) |
sep anxiety disorder- school refusal
|
|
|
boys and girls experience sep anxiety disorder- school refusal...
|
equally
|
|
|
when is sep anxiety disorder- school refusal most common
|
5-11 years
|
|
|
the child experiences chronic or exaggerated worry and tension almost always anticipating disaster even in the absence of an obvious reason to do so the worring is often accompanied by physical symptoms
|
GAD
|
|
|
GAD prevalence:
___% ____ in boys and girls |
3-6%
equally |
|
|
onset GAD
|
avg age range 10-14
symptoms persist over time |
|
|
(specific phobia)adults have insight into the fact that their fear is unreasonable, kids:
|
may not experience this insight
|
|
|
5 subtypes of specific phobias
|
1.animal (insect)
2.natural enviornment (heights, darkness, water, storms) 3.blood/injury/injection 4.situational (flying, elevators, bridges) 5.other (clowns, loud sounds) |
|
|
prevalence spe phobia
___% more common in... |
2-4 %
girls |
|
|
course spec phobia
onset:______ severity_______ |
onset: 7-9 yrs
severity peaks around 10-13 yrs |
|
|
persistent fear of social or performance requirements that expose them to scutiny and possible embarassment
|
social phobia
|
|
|
social phobics are _____ of the general pop of children
|
1-3%
|
|
|
Why are girls slightly more social phobic?
|
-more concerned with social competence
-attatch greater importance to interpersonal relationships |
|
|
social phobia is rare under the age of ___
|
10
-develops after puberty |
|
|
What did Frued have to say about OCD
|
-anal fixation
-disruption of anal phase -"rat man" torment of thoughts of rats eating his anas -sufferes from this illness are able to keep their affliciton a private matter. concealment is made easier fro mthe fac that they are quite well able to fulfill their social duties during a part of the day one they devoted a number of hours to their secret doings..hidden from view" |
|
|
persistent and intrusive thoughts ideas, impulses or images (kids describe these similar to worries)
|
obsessions
|
|
|
repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behaviors or mental acts htat are performed in responses to an obsession
|
compulsion
|
|
|
What is the most common obession?
|
contaimination (germs, dirt, toxins)
|
|
|
What is the most common compulsion?
|
excessive or ritualized handwashing, showering, bathing, toothbrushing, or grooming
|
|
|
prevalence of ocd in the gen pop
|
2-3%
|
|
|
ocd is more common in ____
|
girls
|
|
|
commorbidities of ocd
|
depression
substance use disorders learing disorders eating disorders tics |
|
|
mean onset of ocd is age ___
|
9-12 years
|
|
|
what are the two peaks of ocd
|
6-10
early adolescence |
|
|
______ of children with ocd meet the criteria for ocd 2-14 years later
|
50-60%
|
|
|
sudden and overwhelming period of intense fear or discomfort that is accompanied by 4 or more physical and cognitive symptoms characteristic of the fight or flight response
|
panic attack
|
|
|
display recurrent unexpected attacks followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having another attack, constant worry about consequences or a significant change in their behavior related to attacks
|
panic disorder
|
|
|
worried about having another panic attack
-attacks usually don't last long -children lack the understanding that physical symptoms might signal something dangerous -not common for kids |
anticipatory anxiety
|
|
|
-Prevalence: 3-5% of panic ______ in adolescents
|
attacks
|
|
|
-Prevalence: panic _____ less common
|
disorder
|
|
|
Comorbities of panic
|
-50% have no comorb.
-other 50- depression and/or other anxiety disorders |
|
|
display persistent anxiety following an overwhelming traumatic event that occurs outside the range of usual human experience
|
PTSD
|
|
|
name and explain two types of PTSD
|
type I
-short term -unexpected -sudden surprizing -quick recovery (eg. car accident, rape) type II -chronic, long standing -intentional *human* design -long standing probs -poorer recovery (eg. physical/sex abuse, war) |
|
|
PTSD symptoms
|
1. reexperiencing the event
2. numbing of responsiveness 3.symptoms or increased arousal 4. generalized fears 5. spiritual/psychological consequences 6. blurring of distinction btw friend and enemy |
|
|
DSM PTSD
|
-designed for adults
-for young children alter criteria -post traumatic play, play reenactment -not numbing as w adults, but see constricted play |
|
|
PTSD Prevalence
of those who have experienced @least 1 tram event in their lifetime _____ of girls ______ of boys meet criteria for PTSD |
3-15% girls
1-6% of boys |
|
|
_____ is found in 50-60% of people with panic attacks
|
double jointedness
...this tells us genetic link |
|
|
highest amt of genetic influence
|
-obsessive compulsive behaviors
-shyness inhibition |
|
|
enviornmental influences
|
-specific fears
-separation anxiety |
|
|
anxiety disorders: theories and causes: neurobio: HPA axis
|
too much activity
|
|
|
anxiety disorders...Limbic system especially...
|
amygdala
|
|
|
anxiety dis: theories and causes neurobio
-CSPT: cortico striato pallido thalamic circuitry ______ -_____ frontal lobe activity |
disrupted
increased |
|
|
theories and causes: neurobio: NT
-_______ abnormal regulation-low -________ overactivation of inhibitory NT, increase fear response -_______ decreased level |
GABA low
norpepinephirne overactive seritonin |
|
|
Tempermant in those w anxiety disorders
the ability to delay one's initial rxns to events or stop behavior once it has begun -higher motor activity -irritable -react to novelty w restraint -shy withdrawn fearful |
behavioral inhibition
|
|
|
attatchment type in those with anxiety disorders
anxious resistant type -during strange situation doesn't explore, wary of stranger, caregiver returns- may seek caregiver while crying and fussy |
insecure attatchment
|
|
|
Treatment:anxiety
exposure ______ are helped |
75%
|
|
|
rate degree of distress "fear thermometer
|
graded exposure
|
|
|
prevent them from avoiding stimulus
|
response prevention
|
|
|
treatment: CBT
-modify thoughts and decrease symptoms |
-recognize signs of anxious arousal
-identify cognitive processes associated with anxiety -strategy for managing anxiety |
|
|
FEAR teaches
|
F- feeling frightened?
E- expecting bad things to happen? A- actions and attitudes R- results and rewards |
|
|
What is the best treatment for anxiety disorders?
|
usually a combo of meds, exposure, response prevention =most effective
|
|
|
what is used to treat (meds) school phobias, panic attacks, ocd, ptsd
|
1. antidepressants - tricyclics: amitriptyline (elavil), clomipramine (anafranil), imipramine (Tofranil)
2. ssri's= fluoxetine (prozac), sertraline (zoloft), paroxetine (paxil), venlafaxine (effexor), citalopram (celexa) |
|
|
What (meds) is used to treat antianxiety- severe anxiety?
|
benzodiazepines= alprazolam (xanax), lorazepam (ativan), diazepam (valium)
|
|
|
What (meds) is used to treat social phobia?
|
betablockers- propanolol (Ideral)
|
|
|
state of prolonged bouts of sadness
|
dysphoria
|
|
|
feel little joy and lose interest in nearly all activities
|
anhedonia
|
|
|
abnormally elevated or expansive mood and feelings of euphoria
|
mania
|
|
|
exaggerated sense of well being
|
euphoria
|
|
|
true mood state. baseline. how you usually are.
|
euthymic
|
|
|
depression main features
|
1. mood
-sadness more exaggerated and persistent -irritability, guilt, shame 2. behavior -restlessness, agitation, reduced activated, slowed speech, excessive crying 3.changes in attitude -feeling of worthlessness and low self esteem 4. thinking -preoccupied with inner thoughts and tensions -slowed, reasoning, difficulty []ing 5. physical changes -disruptions in eating and sleeping |
|
|
infants raised in a clean but emotionally cold institutional enviornment dispalyed rxns resembling a depressive disorder
|
anaclitic depression
|
|
|
depression and development
1. infants 2.preschoolers 3.school aged kids |
1. infants
-anaclitic depression 2. preschoolers -extremely somber and tearful -clingy, fear separation -stomachaches 3.school aged kids -irritability, disruptive behavior, temper tantrums -weightloss, headaches, sleep disturbances -suicide threats |
|
|
the symptom of irritability, disruptive behavior, temper tantrums in school aged children can be confused with...
|
adhd
|
|
|
depression and development
4. preteens 5. teens |
4. -self blame, low self esteem, social inhibition
-sleep difficulties 5. teens -inabilitity to sleep or sleep excessively -eating disturbances -irritability -anhedonia -angry discussions w parents -negative body image and self consciousness -excessive fatigue and energy loss, feeling of loneliness, guilt, worthlessness -suicidal attempts |
|
|
symptoms that might indicate depression in
teens preteens elementary school preschool infants |
teens
-fighting w parents, neegative body image, feeling lonely, guilt, worthlessness preteens -self blame, low self esteem, social inhbition elementary school -tantrums, disruptive behavior, peer probs preschool -clingy, whiny infants -crying, clingy |
|
|
key features mdd
|
sadness
irritability anhedonia |
|
|
average episode mdd
|
8 months
|
|
|
recurrence mdd
|
-25% risk within 1 yr
-40% risk within 2 yr -70% risk within 5 yr |
|
|
lifetime prevalence for any child who has been depressed
|
20 %
|
|
|
mdd prevalence
preschoolers school aged adolescence |
preschoolers 1%
school aged 2% adolescence 8% |
|
|
mdd <13 girls __ boys
>13 girls ____ boys why? |
=
> hormonal changes increased sexual maturity affect social roles non-normative changes |
|
|
display depressed mood for most of the day on most days for at least 1 yr
|
dysthymic disorder
|
|
|
dysthymic disorder=unhappy or irritable most of the time
symptoms ____ but ____than those with mdd |
chronic
less severe |
|
|
mdd + dysthymia=
|
double depression
|
|
|
dysthymic disorder prevalence
children adolescents during the course of dysthymic dis. ~_____ will have an episode of major depression (double depression) |
children 1%
adolescents 5% ...70%... |
|
|
dysthymic disorder course
-dd develops ___ yrs earlier than mdd -___ yrs of age -duration ___ yrs |
~3
11-12 2-5!!! |
|
|
(all) depressive disorders associated characteristics: intellectual functioning
|
-score lower on standardized tests
-lower grades -poorer [] -psychomotor retardation -fatigue -insomnia -somatic complaints |
|
|
(all) depressive disorders associated characteristics:
social prob's |
social withdrawl
*** this distinguishes depression from other disorders*** |
|
|
(all) depressive disorders associated characteristics:
cognitive disturbances |
-feeling of worthlessness
-negative beliefs -attributions of failure -depressive ruminative style...focus narrowly on neg events for long periods -misread situations -small setbacks= huge catastrophes |
|
|
(all) depressive disorders associated characteristics:
family prob's |
poor relations and conlict w parents and siblings
neg feelings toward parents |
|
|
depressive disorders theories
|
psychodynamic
-anger turned inward..get mad that lost something turn it toward themselves attachment -insecure early attachment... avoidant/anxious type... anxious resistant type=fussy behavioral -bad at recieving + reinforcement -may not be able to experience -all punishment -sad..get attention... + reninforcement |
|
|
depressive disorders cognitive theories
|
-depressogenic cognitions
-internal stable and global attributions -neg view of self, world, future |
|
|
negative perceptual and attributional styles and beliefs
|
depressogenic cognitions
|
|
|
internal stable global
|
internal
-something bad happened and they think it's bc of them stable -reason i'm to blame won't ever change global -reason s-thing bad happened (my fault) applies to most things they do in most areas |
|
|
becks neg triad
|
world= people are no good
self= i'm stupid future= i'll never graduate |
|
|
depressive disorders: genetic influences
-genetic contribution is ___ with ____ -risk of depression is ___ greater if parent has had history -monozygotic twins concordance rate |
high with early onset
50% very high |
|
|
depressive disorders neurobio influences (structural)
|
-frontal lobe decreased
-limbic system increased -hippocampus reduced -hpa axis disturbed |
|
|
depressive disorders neurobio influences - neurotransmitters
|
-decreased seretonin
-decreased dopamine -decreased norpinephrine |
|
|
depressive disorders family influences
|
-more critical &punitive behavior
-families *conflict and anger *less warmth *poorer communication *marital discord -depressed moms *more withdrawn or more intrusive |
|
|
depressive disorders other influences
|
*stressful life events
-eg. moving, change schools, serious accident, family illness *emotional regulation -may use avoidance or neg behavior to regulate distress -overregulation |
|
|
inability to express one's feelings
|
overregulation
|
|
|
depressive disorders..treatment...meds
|
antidepressants
-depression ssri's: fluoxetine (prozac), sertraline(zoloft), paroxetine (paxil), venlafaxine (effexor), citalopram (celexa) tricyclics -amitriptyline( elavil), clomipramine (anafranil), imipramine (tofranil) |
|
|
depressive disorders treatments
not meds |
cbt=notice thta they fail to self reinforce...ect
-70% respond -action interpersonal therapy -family therapy |
|
|
most common psychosocial thearpy
|
cbt
|
|
|
1 or more mixed episodes
1+ major depressive episode |
bipolar I disorder
|
|
|
1+ hypomanic
1+ major depressive episode |
bipolar II disorder
|
|
|
hypomanic symptoms
depressive symptoms full criteria not met |
cyclothymic disorder
|
|
|
action
|
a= always find somethin to do to feel better
c=catch the + t= think about it as a problem i=inspect the situation o= open yourself to the + n= never get stuck in the negative muck |
|
|
the criteria are met both for a manic episode and for a major depressive episode (except for duration) nearly every day during at least a 1 wk period
|
mixed episode
|
|
|
a distinct period of persistently elevated expansive or irritable mood lasting throughout at least 4 days that is clearly different from the usual nondepressed mood
|
hypomania
|
|
|
cyclothymic for at least ___ years
|
2
|
|
|
bipolar manic symptoms
|
-grandiosity
-sleep (not much) -pressured speech -racing thoughts (cant do hw bc thoughts always interupting) -flight of ideas (illogical jumps) -psychomotor agitation |
|
|
bp differential diagnosis
adhd vs. bp |
-adhd- show consistent pattern of overactivity or distractibility
-bp= show change from usual behavior to overactivity or distractibility |
|
|
bp differential diagnosis
bp vs. cd/odd |
cd/odd= irritability and disregulation + vindictive, intentional and wo guilt
bp= irritability & dysregulation +impulsivity & sense of omnipotence |
|
|
bp prevalence
lifetime |
0.4-1.2%
|
|
|
____ of all patients with bp have first episode in adolescence
|
20%
|
|
|
peak age
|
15-19 yrs
|
|
|
onset before ____ rare
|
10
|
|
|
1st episode usually
|
depression
|
|
|
BP tends to be _____ and resistant to treatment
|
chronic
|
|
|
in 5 yrs _____ relapsed or never achieved complete remission
|
50%
|
|
|
bipolar shows reduce volume in the
|
amgdala
|
|
|
bp treatment
|
antidepressents
1.tricyclics -elavil -anafranil -tofranil 2.ssris -prozac -zoloft -paxil -effexor -celexa 3. MAOIs -nardil mood stabilizers -lithium -depakote |
|
|
_____ increases the risk of a 1st suicide
|
depression
|
|
|
over ___ of kids who suffer from depression will eventually attempt commiting suicide and 7% will die as a result
|
half
|
|
|
___ men commit suicide
|
4x
|
|
|
____ women attempt sucide
|
3x
|
|
|
___ abuse substances
|
half
|
|
|
# 1 choice for men and women
|
firearms
|
|
|
___ of all youth sucides are result of firearms
|
half
|
|
|
#2 choice for women
|
drugs
|
|
|
#2 choice for men
|
hanging
|
|
|
"I wish i were dead"
|
suicidal thoughts
|
|
|
plan and motivation
|
suicidal intent
|
|
|
attempt to communicate
suicidal gestures nonleathal self injury |
parasuicidal behavior
|
|
|
2 types of sucide attempts
|
1.low lethality- slow acting->pills, cut, discovery and saving is possible
2. high lethality- gunshot-> fast acting |
|
|
completed suicide is the ___ leading cause of death in 15-19 yr olds
|
3rd
|
|
|
completed suicide is the ___ leading cause of death in 10-14 yr olds
|
4th
|
|
|
suicide risk factors
|
1. depressed mood
2.substance abuse 3.running away or incarceration 4. family loss or instability 5. expressions of sucidal thoughts or talk of death or afterlife during momemnts of sadness or boredom 6. withdrawal from friends and family 7. difficulties in dealing iwth sexual orientation 8. anhedonic 9. unplanned pregnancy 10. impulsive aggressive behavior or rage |
|
|
loose pleasure in usual activities
|
anhedonic
|
|
|
key componet of sucide ideation
|
hopelessness
|
|
|
why adolescents?
|
-more self aware
-self conscious -self esteem -fully grasp concept of hopelessness |
|
|
sucide protective factors
|
1.effective care for mental physical and substance abuse disorders
2. easy access to clinical interventions and support 3. family and community support 4. medical and mental health care relationships 5. prob solving skills, conflict resolution, and nonviolent handling of disputes 6. cultural and religious beliefs that discourage |
|
|
suicide factors leading to an attempt
|
1. long standing history of prob's from early childhood
2. acceleration of probs in adolescece 3. progressive failure to cope and isolation to cope and islolation from meaningful social relationships 4. dissolution of social relationships 5. justification of suicidal act givng the adolescent permission to make the attempt |
|
|
most common diagnosis
|
depression
|
|
|
poor self control, discipline prob's school troubles
|
impulsivity
|
|
|
depression
aggression impulsivity ...all due to...we treat this with... |
low seritionin levels
ssri's |
|
|
in sucidal individuals the more comorbidies the ____
|
more risk
|
|
|
cognitive factors
|
hopelessness
poor prob solving skills |
|
|
suicide attempts= predictor of future suicide completion
25% of sucide completers made prior attempts |
disinhibition of sucidal behavior
|
|
|
parent psychopathology
|
substance abuse
depression |
|
|
family context
|
1. parent psychopathology
2. poorer parent child relationships 3. lack of support |
|
|
children who are exposed to suicide are at greater risk for suicide esp. peers
|
the contagion effect
|
|
|
tips to decrease the contagion effect in the media
|
1. don't romanticize
2. mention depression or mental illness 3. do no provide suicide method 4. always put where to get help |
|
|
tips to decrease the contagin effect in schools
|
1. name a point person
2. counselors should be available immediately after -speak w friends of deceased student -go to classes -identify high risk students |
|
|
suicide intervention
|
1. educate parents and peers of risk signs (80% told)
2. crisis intervention 3. cognitive 4. family thearpy 5. dialectical behavioral |
|
|
dialectical behavioral thearpy targets
|
emotion reg, stress tolerence, interpersonal prob solving, impulse control
|
|
|
crisis intervention
|
remove means no harm contract medicate ssri's hospitalize
|
|
|
Galton (darwin's cousin) was famous for
|
eugenics
|
|
|
the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race
-mental retards blamed for prob's of society |
eugenics
|
|
|
collected questionaire data
develped educational psychology said children 8-12 mature slaves still uncivilized |
Hall
|
|
|
intelligence perfomance testing and norms
1st to develop intelligence testing judgement+reasoning= intelligence |
Binet and Simon
|
|
|
deviation in development that increases the risk for psycho pathology
**butIS NOT psychopathology** |
mental retardation
|
|
|
functioning determined by 2 factors
|
1. capabilities
-intelligence -adaptive skills 2. enviornments -home -work/school -community |
|
|
MR IQ=
|
70
|
|
|
majority IQ
|
85-115
|
|
|
____ is extremely important
|
enviornment
-build on their strengths |
|
|
maintain independence
|
practical skills
|
|
|
being able to talk to a friend
ethical judgements |
social intelligence
|
|
|
2 types of a adaptive skills
|
1. practical skills
2. social intelligence |
|
|
sensory and motor development are examples of
|
basic deveopmental skills
|
|
|
expressive language, receptive language, writing and spelling skills are examples of
|
communication skills
|
|
|
coping entering a new school or job, interpersonal conflict
are examples of |
emotional and personal adjustment
|
|
|
bsic interaction skills, group participation, play activities and skills are examples of
|
social and and interpersonal skills
|
|
|
dressing eating toileting personal hygiene and grooming
|
self help skills
|
|
|
money handling banking budgeting purchasing
|
consumer skills
|
|
|
kitchen skills, household cleaning, household management maintance and repair laundering and clothing care
|
domestic skills
|
|
|
mental retardation enviornments
|
1. home- are family members supportive?
2. work/school- can work and go to school 3. community- do you stare? ignore? talk? |
|
|
3 features DSM IV MR
|
1. IQ score below 70
2. deficits in adaptive behavior 3. early onset (below 18) |
|
|
What is the largest group of MR?
|
mild (85%)
|
|
|
severe MR
|
may learn to talk may be able to do minimal work, simple tasks
|
|
|
profound MR
|
neurological condition, need constant support
|
|
|
MR levels of support
|
1. intermittent
2.limited 3. extensive 4. pervasive |
|
|
as needed basis
|
intermittent
|
|
|
transitions
|
limited
|
|
|
daily in at least some enviorments
|
extensive
|
|
|
constant high intensity several settings restraint
|
pervasive
|
|
|
MR boys ___ girls
|
> slightly
|
|
|
MR socioeconomic status
|
low associated with very mild
|
|
|
MR emtional and behavioral probs
|
1. internalizing probs
-increased risk for mood disorders 2. adhd-related symptoms -IQ diff 3. SIB 8% |
|
|
MR causes
|
1. genotype
2. phenotype 3. heritability |
|
|
factors that contribute to behavioral disturbances in MR
|
1. neurobiological processes repsonsibel for MR
-side effects of meds -communications deficits -inadeq prob solving and coping skills -stigma -family stress -vulnerability to exploitation and abuse |
|
|
All MR syndromes have these in common
|
-tough time with memory
-not good with strategy -low prob solving skills -can't play 20 Q |
|
|
causes risks prenatal
|
1. genetic disorders
-chromosomal abnormalities -single gene and other mutations -multigenetic 2. congetnital malformation -malformation of CNS -exposure *teratogens *toxemia *malnutriton |
|
|
causes/risks perinatal
|
-low birth weigh, premature
-delivery complications (trama, anxoia) |
|
|
causes/risks postnatal
|
infections
toxins accidents/trama disease malnutrition deprivation |
|
|
teratogens
|
struct or functional brain defects
|
|
|
toxic substances in blood
|
toxemia
|
|
|
Down syndrome cause
|
trisomy 21
-nondisjuction- 21st pair of mom's chromosomes dont separate during miosis...get three in 21 instead of 2 -NOT INHERITED -Strongly related to maternal age (old ladies having babies increased risk) |
|
|
phsyical features down syndrome
|
-small skull, large protruding, tounge, small mouth, almond shaped, eyes sloping, eyebrows, flat nasal bridge
|
|
|
cognitive features down syndrome
|
-better receptive language than expressive language, can understand, can't express
-hippocampal functioning differs -can have part of community -get married |
|
|
# DS babies has decreased in recent years because of
|
termination of pregnancy
|
|
|
DS kids can only percieve
|
global not local features
|
|
|
Fragile X syndrome causes
|
-pinched chromosome
-inherited from mom -more males have this -independent of ethnicity |
|
|
physical features fragile X
|
-large forehead, prominent jaw, low protruding ears
|
|
|
cognitive features
|
-unusual social and communication patterns
-most males show autism like behaviors -flapping biting repition, 1/3 have comorbid autism |
|
|
causes prader-willi syndrome
|
-7 genes on chromosome 15 are missing
(paternal) |
|
|
physical features prader willi
|
-short stature
-incomplete sexual development -low muscle tone -involuntary urge to eat constantly |
|
|
cognitive features prader willi
|
-learning disabilities
-attention difficulties |
|
|
angelman syndrome causes
|
7 genes on chromosome 15 are missinge
(maternal)!!! |
|
|
physical features angelman syndrome
|
-large jaw open mouthed expression movements, disturbances, ataxia, stumbling walk
|
|
|
cognitive features angelman sydrome
|
-expressive difficulties, sometimes can't talk, laugh alot, sociable
-attention difficulties |
|
|
PKU
|
*interited- but enviornment fixes it
-(autosomal recessive) mom recessive, dad recessive -put on special diet after testing, dont develop -can't metabolize proteins -completely normal with the right diet |
|
|
Lesch Nyhan sydrome causes
|
-x chromosome
-only obys -deficency in enzyme HPRT |
|
|
behavioral disturbances Lesch Nyhan sydrome
|
-self mutilating behaviors
-irritabilities, uncontrolled agression or compulsive actions -can't feel pain, need restraint |
|
|
Lesch Nyhan sydrome movement disturbances
|
-hypotonia, spastic movements, chorea
|
|
|
unconrollable flailing of arms
|
chorea
|
|
|
Lesch Nyhan sydrome have
|
moderate to severe MR
|
|
|
range of outcomes associated with all levels of prenatal alcohol exposure
|
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
|
|
|
most extreme form of FASD
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
|
|
|
leading cause of mental retardation
|
fetal alcohol syndrome
-disorder stems from extensive prenatal exposure to alcohol |
|
|
kids with FAS have prob's in
|
-intellectual function
-CNS dysfunction -cranial defects -behavior prob's -growth retardation -physical abnormalities of face |
|
|
critera that must be fully met for FAS
|
1. growth deficency
2. FAS facial features 3. CNS damage 4. prenatal alcohol exposure NOT necessary (mom's lie) |
|
|
3 Facial features for FAS
|
1. smooth philtrum (smooth between upper lip and nose)
2. thin vermillion (upper lip) 3. small palpebral fissures (short eyes) |
