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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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belief abnormal behavior results from the person being possessed or otherwise influenced by evil spirits
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demonology
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mental disorders can be attributed to bodily malfunction or imbalance
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somatogenisis
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published a classification system in attempt to establish a biological basis for mental disorders, symptoms occurred in clusters- grouped them
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Emil Krapelin
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Emil Krapelin's clusters of disorders
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Mental retardation
aggression psychosis hyperactivity masturbatory insanity |
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Emphasis on causes due to multiple factors, psychosexual stages (need to get through all stages otherwise you will have a fixation), psychoanalytic theory
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Sigmund Frued
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Psychosexual stages (5)
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oral
phallic anal latency gentital |
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children's symptoms related to developmental stages
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Anna Frued
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Loud noise, white rate, pairings can condition, believed that he could get any child to be a doctor, lawyer, beggar, etc. using the principles of behavior
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John Watson
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collected questionnaire data about childhood fears, drams, preferences, crying, social disorders
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Hall
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intelligence performance testing and norms, different kids, different ages, age based norms, could identify kids who need special ed
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Binet and Simon
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What's abnormal?
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-deviates from the norm
-shows degrees of distress -degree of stability -distress and disability leads to an increase of harm -developmental standards (ie. comparison across *age*) |
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What the the most important factor to consider when considering childhood disorders?
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AGE
-index of development -compare with typical rate 1st Q to ask- How old is your child? |
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Behavioral indicators of disorders
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1.developmental delay
2.developmental regression 3.extremely high or low frequency 4.extremely high or low intensity 5.difficulty persists over time 6.inappropriate to the situation 7.several problem behaviors 8.behavior qualitatively different from normal |
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Gender prevalence (Males-higher)
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Mental retardation
reading disabilities language disabilities autism asperger's oppositional disorder rumination encopresis enuresis tourette's substance abuse conduct disoder ADHD |
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Gender prevalence (females higher)
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rett's
anxiety disorders depression eating disorders |
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Age of onset = Birth
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language disorders
autism rett's disorder asperger's disorder |
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Age of onset = 5-12 yrs
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ADHD
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Age of onset = 6-18 yrs
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conduct disorder
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Age of onset = 5-18 yrs
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Learning disorders
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Age of onset = 12-18 yrs
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schizophrenia
drug abuse bulimia anorexia nervosa |
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Why the gender differences in psychological disorders of childhood?
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-boys are more biologically vulnerable
-gender role socialization -differently affected by 1. chaotic environments 2. stress 3. parental psychopathology -biological and environmental interactions |
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Why might gender differences of psychopathology SEEM lower for females?
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-Differential expressions= female rates of aggression seem lower because they express it differently "she's a slut"
-referral bias= males are more disruptive..one's who get referred to clinic -this is why we get a biased data collection |
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etiology of any psychopathology is multidetermined
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multideterminism
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sequence and timing of behavior
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Developmental pathways
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different pathways may lead to similar expressions of psychopathology
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equifinality
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multifinality
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similar initial pathways may result in different forms of dysfunction
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Kids who exhibit resilience would:
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1. manage to avoid negative outcomes and/or achieve positive outcomes
2. display sustained competence under stress 3. show recovery from trauma |
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Risk factors for psychological disorders of childhood
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1. constitutional
2. Family 3. emotional and interpersonal 4. intellectual and academic 5. ecological 6.nonnormative stressful life events |
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Resilience factors for psychological disorders of childhood
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1. indivdual
2. good intellectual functioning 3. sociable, easygoing 4. self- confidence, self-efficacy 5. talents 6. close relationship to caring parent (with rules) 7. connections to social organizations 8. attendance at effective schools |
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constitutional risk factors
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1. hereditary influences, genetic abnormalities
2.prenatal or birth complications 3. postnatal disease or damage 4.inadequate healthcare or nutrition |
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family risk factors
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1.poverty
2.abuse, neglect 3.conflict, disorganization, psychopathology, stress 4. large family size |
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emotional and interpersonal risk factors
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1. low self esteem, emotional immaturity
2. social incompetence 3. peer rejection |
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intellectual and academic risk factors
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1. below average intelligence
2. learning disability 3. academic failure |
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ecological risk factors
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1. neighborhood disorganization, crime
2. racial, ethnic, gender injustice |
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nonnormative stressful life events
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1. early death of a parent
2. outbreak of war in enviornment |
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Causes: Biological influences: Brain Development
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1. overabundance of undifferentiated cells
2. axons grow 3. connections form 4. genes determine where axons connect 5. synapses multiply 6. selective pruning 7. neural plasticity *environment is key |
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In cases of extreme neglect, the brain is much ____. This demonstrates that ____is crucial.
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smaller
crucial |
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Name the 3 parts of the Brain stem and their function
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1. Midbrain- motor supply to muscles
2. Pons- face sensation, movement 3. Medulla- breathing, heartbeat, digestion |
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part of the brain that controls motor coordination
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cerebellum
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regulates behavior and emotion
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Hypothalamus
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-regulates emotional experiences
-regulates expression -regulates basic drives -critical for learning and impulse control |
Thalamus
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Limbic System (5 parts)
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Hippocampus
cingulate gyrus amgdala thalamus hypothalmus |
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Regulates, organizes, filters, information related to cognition emotions mood and motor function
-damage to this has frontal lobe implications -ADHD, OCD, Tourette's -highly connected to the frontal lobes |
Basal Ganglia
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Frontal lobes
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1. thinking
2. reasoning 3. working memory 4. self control 5.social |
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Parietal lobes
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1. integrate signals
*immature until age 16 |
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Temporal lobes
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1. memory
2. emotional maturity *still developing after age 16 |
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What happens with too much stress? (Endocrine system)
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too much stress -> loop disrupted -> constant state of fear -> hypervigilant -> toxic over time
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Endocrine System Feedback loop- response to stress
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pituitary gland -> hypothalamus -> hypothalamus -> adrenal glands -> HPA axis
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HPA axis
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hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal
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Adrenal glands release ___ and ___. What do these do?
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epinephrine (adrenaline... prepares body for threat)
cortisol (stress hormone) |
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reduces arousal, modulates emotional responses, anger, hostility, aggression, linked to anxiety and discomfort, implicated role in psychopatholgy = anxiety
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GABA
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switch turns on various circuits, involved in exploratory, extroverted, pleasure seeking behavior, role in psychopathology= schizophrenia, mood disorders, ADHD, substance abuse
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Dopamine
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controls emergency reactions and alarm responses
role in regulating emotions and behavior role in psychopathology= modulate behavioral tendencies |
Norepinephrine
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information processing
motor coordination inhibits tendency to explore regulates eating, sleeping, aggression role in psychopathology= eating disorders, sleep disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, mood disorders |
Seritonin
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genotype + environment =
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phenotype
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genotype
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genetic material that is passed on
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share 100% of genes
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monozygotic
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share 50% of genes
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dizygotic
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% of cases in which a characteristic displayed by one child is also displayed by the twin
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concordance rate
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threshold and intensity of emotional experience
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emotion reactivity
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ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify one's emotional reactions to accomplish a goal
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emotion regulation
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What are the two types of dysregulation
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underregulation
overregulation |
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child's organized style of behavior that appears early in development
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temperment
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Approachable and adaptive
regulates eating, sleeping and eliminating smoothly |
positive affect and approach
"easy child" |
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Cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations
variable in self regulation shows distress or negativity in some situations |
Fearful or inhibited "slow to warm up"
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negative and intensely moody, not adaptable
show distress or irritability in situations |
negative affect or irritability "difficult child"
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Which temperament is at the most risk for developing a childhood disorder?
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negative affect or irritability "difficult child"
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who developed applied behavior analysis
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skinner
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increased probability behavior will be repeated
add something |
positive reinforcement
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increased probability behavior will be repeated
take something away |
negative reinforcement
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decreased probability behavior will be repeated
eg. spanking |
positive punishment
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decreased probability behavior will be repeated
eg. time out |
negative punishment
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what are some side effects of positive punishment
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-increased aggression
-avoidance behavior -modeling -temporary suppression (see cop on freeway slow down) |
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neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli paired (bell + food)
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classical conditioning
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watson
-loud noise = ____ ____ |
unconditioned stimulus
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how children think about themselves and others
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social cognition
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behavior can be learned through observation, no only by operant and classical conditioning
-kids who watch parent be violent with bobo become violent with bobo -didn't watch= less violent |
social learning (aka modeling)
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the process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant individuals
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attachment
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type of attachment protective against psychopathologies
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Secure type of attatchemnt
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type of attachment which leads to conduct disorders, aggressive behaviors, depression
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Insecure: anxious avoidant type of attachment
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type of attachment with no pattern of regulating emotions, unable to get close, personality disorders
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Disorganized disoriented type of attachment
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integrated set of propositions to explain phenomena
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theory
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tentative assumptions derived from theoretical notions
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hypotheses
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During the research process we must ______.
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consider the child every step of the way
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set of standards that ensures consistency across measurements
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standardization
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repeatability/consistency of measures
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reliability
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correctness, soundness, or appropriateness of the findings (are you measuring what you set out to measure?)
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validity
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Case studies focus on ____.
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indivdual
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What are the advantages of case studies?
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nature
course correlates outcomes etiologic (causes) |
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What are the disadvantages of case studies
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biases
reliability validity generalization |
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in correlational methods the closer the coefficient r is to ____ the greater the relationship.
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-1 or +1
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What are the advantages to the interview?
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semistructured
can probe expand and clarify responses |
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What are the disadvantages to the interview?
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time consuming
subject willing to report interviewer desirability bias (child saying things you want to hear) |
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What are the advantages to the questionnaire?
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highly structured
not time consuming can obtain a lot of info |
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what are the disadvantages to the questionnaire?
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cannot probe, expand or clarify responses
subject willing to report non responders liars? |
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What are the advantages to observation?
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structured or naturalistic
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What are the disadvantages to observation
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time consuming
coding system influences (watch videos for hours, difficult) subject react to observation |
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what you are measuring
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dependent variable
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conditions or manipulations selected by the researcher
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independent variable
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experimental methods
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-explicitly stated hypothesis
-subjects randomly assigned to groups -conditions or manipulations -selected by the reseacher -observation and measurement -procedures well controlled -compare the effects of the manipulations on the groups |
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A-B-A design
Baseline- Intervention-Reversal |
Reversal Design
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Standard to measure change
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baseline
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Baseline- one intervention for one behavior- another intervention for another behavior
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multiple baseline across designs
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different ages at the same time, NOT measuring developmental change, measures age differences
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cross sectional design
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can study developmental change, same kids across time
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longitudinal design
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study of incidence, prevalence and co-occurrences of childhood disorders and competencies
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epidemiological research
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number of new cases of a disorder in a specific period
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incidence rates
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all cases observed
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prevalence rates
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children who have had a disorder in their lifetime
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lifetime prevelance
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imaging techniques that are structural imaging
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Ct, MRI
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imaging techniques that are functional imaging
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EEG, PET, fMRI
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Ethics involved in research
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informed consent and assent
voluntary participation privacy do no harm and do good |
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informed consent=
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parents sign
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assent=
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kids 7 and older sign
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use problem-solving strategies to understand the disturbances, the family eniorment and school and peer relations
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clinical assessments
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to achieve effective solutions, to promote and enhance well being of the child
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goal of assessment
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emphasizes the detailed representation of the individual or family as unique entity (more narrow)
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idiogrpahic
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emphasizes general principles that apply to all people (broader)
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nomothetic
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3 purposes of assessment
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1. clinical description & diagnosis
2. prognosis 3. treatment planning and evaluation |
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Developmental considerations
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age, gender, culture
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-a summary
-intensity, frequency, severity -age of onset and duration -symptoms |
clinical description
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-Taxonomic diagnosis, based on system of classification
-problem solving analysis- gather info, understand individuals |
diagnosis
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Parents...
-can they pay for treatment -do they have time to be involved -motivated |
treatment planning and evaluation
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clinical interviews
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-developmental family histories
-mental status exam -semi-structured interview |
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appearance, behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning and awareness of surroundings
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mental status exam
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ask questions about particular problem
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semi-structured interview
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Behavioral assessment: means of assessment
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1. abc's of assessment
2. checklists and rating scales 3. behavioral observations and recording |
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-real life setting
-role play simulation |
Behavioral observation and recording
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4 types of psychological tests
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1. intelligence
2. projective 3. personality 4. neuropsychological |
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most common
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intelligence
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5 reasons to avoid diagnosis
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1. oversimplifies
2. creates self fulfilling prophecy 3. leads to social rejection and stigma 4. ignores underlying continuity 5. diagnoses can be unreliable |
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axis I
axis II axis III axis IV axis V |
I: clinical syndromes
II: developmental and personality disorders III: general medical conditions IV: psychosocial stressors V: global assessment of function |
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develop awareness of unconscious factors
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psychodynamic
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+ reinforcement, time out, modeling, systematic desensitization
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behavioral
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change faulty cognitions (eg. irrational beliefs, misinterpretations)
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cognitive
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???
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cognitive behavioral
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fix social or environmental circumstances
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client centered
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work with the entire family (foster communication)
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family
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medicate ECT
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biological
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eclectic, use diff approaches for children with diff prob's and circumstantces
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combined
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behavioral disorder, prominent symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity
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ADHD
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do not focus on demands
behave carelessly |
inattentive
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disorganized hurried thinking
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cognitive impulsivity
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calling out in class
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behavioral impulsivity
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symptoms associated with ADHD all lead to problems with ____ ____ especially _____.
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academic achievement especially reading
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____ is not at problem for children with ADHD.
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Attentional capacity
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amount of info that can be remembered and attended to for a short time (eg. directions and phone number)
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attentional capacity
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ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli and not be distracted by noise
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selective attention
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ability to maintain a persistent focus over time when fatigued
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sustained attention
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primary deficit in kids with ADHD
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sustained attention
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term for a deficit in selective attention
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distractability
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subtype of ADHD (greater than 6 of 9 symptoms)
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inattentive type
hyperactive impulsive type |
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rarest type of ADHD
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hyperactive-impulsive type
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error of commission
error of omission |
commission-respond when you shouldn't
omission- you "miss" it |
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control processes that activate integrate and manage other brain functions
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executive functions
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80% of ADHD qualifty for _____ when using broad definitions.
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learning disorders
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exaggeration of one's competence (associated with hyperactive/inattentive type of ADHD)
-opposite is true for kids with Inattentive type...report lower self esteem |
positive illusory bias
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sleep disturbances in children with ADHD
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-resistent to go to bed
-fewer total hours of sleep -involuntary sleep movements (grind teeth) |
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motor coordination difficulties
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-clumsiness
-poor performance in sports -poor handwriting |
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Tic disorders
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-sudden repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or phonic productions
-eye blinking facial grimacing, throat clearing, grunting |
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bothersome, stubborn, socially awkward, people don't like them
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peer problems in kids with ADHD
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-30-60 % have impairments
-excessive loud talking -frequent shifts in topics -interruptions in convo -inability to listen -inappropriate convo |
speech and language deficits in ADHD
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Family problems in ADHD
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sibling conflict, extra parental stress
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-50% ADHD (mostly boys) meet criteria for ___
-stubborn short tempered combative |
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
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-30-50% eventually develop CD
-more severe than ODD -violates societal rules (prob's with school and the police) -fight cheat and steal, set fires destroy property use illegal drugs |
Conduct disorder (CD)
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Those children with high comorbidity of CD and ODD have which type of ADHD?
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Hyperactive/Impulsive
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Those children with which type of ADHD have high comorbidity with mood disorders (depression, bipolar, etc)?
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Inattentive type
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Why has ADHD increased so much since 1980?
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-increases in diagnosis
-greater access to treatment -growing public awareness -brief screening instruments more popular |
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Boy with ADHD are refered more than girls because of their _____.
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agression
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Girls with ADHD demonstrate
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-inattentive/disorganized symptoms
-forgetfulness, sluggishness, drowsiness, tendency to daydream, anxiety, depression and hyperverbal -less likely to receieve stimulant med's |
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ADHD motivation deficts theory
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diff sensitivity to rewards and punishments
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ADHD arousal deficits theory
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-abnormal level of arousal
-child tries to maintain optimal level of arousal by excessive self stimulation |
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ADHD self regulation deficits theory
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deficits in ability to self regulate (difficulty using thought and language to direct behavior)
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ADHD response inhibition deficits theory
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inability to delay inital reactions or to stop behavior once it's started
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Genetic risk + prenatal alcohol/ tobacco exposure, pregnancy complications =
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-dopamine transmision disturbances
-abnormalities in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia |
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Causes of ADHD Neurobiological factors: Anatomy...smaller volumes of
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whole brain
frontal lobes cerebellum basal ganglia temporal lobes white matter |
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Causes of ADHD Genetic influences
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runs in families
adoptions studies twins studies specific gene studies (genes that code for dopamine, dopamine receptors are possible culprits NOT ENOUGH DOPAMINE) |
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Frontal striatal circuit messed up in kids with ADHD. name the parts of this circuit
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dorsalateral prefrontal
inferior prefrontal orbitofrontal basal ganglia |
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In kids with ADHD it may be that their mesocortical DA system is messed up. Explain
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ventral tegmental area connects to the frontal cortex
attention and focusing involved in attention and focusing |
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How can family influence ADHD
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-may lead to greater severity of symptoms
-family prob's may result from interacting with an impulsive child who is hard to manage -family conflict is related to later emergence of associate oppositional and conduct disorder symptoms |
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Meds used for ADHD. drugs that alter the frontal striatal activity by working on dopamine
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stimulant medications
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Four types of drugs used for ADHD
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dexedrine, adderall, ritalin, cylert
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What are the side effects of the stimulant drugs used in ADHD
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weight loss
insomnia increased tension cognitive inflexibility (can't get out of thought pattern) appetite loss |
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What are the essential features of Tourette's synrome (4) (***these are pretty much the same as the DSM IV)
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*MULTIPLE* tics
-multiple motor -one or more vocal never tic free for more than 3 months -onset before 18 years old -not due to direct effects of stimulant Rx |
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brief, repetitive, purposeless, nonrythmic, involuntary movement or sound
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tics
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tics that produce movement
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motor tics
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tics that produce sound
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vocal or phonic tics
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one muscle group or one simple sound
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simple tics
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coordinated movement produced by a number of muscle groups or a linguistically meaningful utterance or phrase
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complex tics
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imitating one's actions
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echopraxia
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exhibiting inappropriate or taboo gestures
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copropraxia
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repeating one prase over and over
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echolalia
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outbursts of inapproriate expressions (cussing) ... rare...10%
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coprolalia
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sensory and psychic discomfort that may be mememtarily relieved
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premonitory urge
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sequence of a tic event
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1. premonitory urger or sesory event
2.complex state or inner conflict 3. motor or phonic production 4. transient sensation of relief |
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urges to perform dangerous, forbidden, or senseless acts
ex's: touch hot iron, jump, car in reverse, shout in church |
triggering perceptions
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course Tourette's:
early as __ must occur before age __ median age of onset __ years |
early as 2
must occur before 18 median onset 8-12 years |
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Prevalence of Tourette's
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~1/100 invdivduals
19% in regular ed classes have tics 4% in regular ed classes meet diagnostic criteria for TS |
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Co-morbidities of Tourette's
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ADHD
-50% or referred kids with TS diagnosed with comorbid ADHD -high risk or anxiety mood disorders, odd and cd OCD -40% TS patients experience ocd symptoms -aggressive and sexual obsessions common for comorbidity -repeating and counting compulsions-common |
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tourette's- concordance rate for monozygotic twins
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90%
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if genetically predisposed to tourette's and get strep onset of inflation---tic
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PANDAS
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people with tourettes have problems with this part of the brain
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basal ganglia
CSPT loop cortico/striato/pallido/thalmic circuitry |
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PET studies show that people with tourettes have reduced glucose uptake in
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-orbitofrontal cortex
-caudate -parahippocampus -midbrain region |
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People with tourettes have problems with this neurotransmitter in the striatum
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dopamine receptors, dopamine release
-too much binding to receptors -too much dopamine released in the striatum |
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Treatment for tourette's...meds
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alpha 2 agonists
-clonidine hyrocholoride (Catapres) side effects=dry mouth, drowsiness -guanfacine (Tenex) side effects=same but less severe antipsychotics (antagonists) -halperidol (haldol) surgery..deep brain stimulation |
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antagonist
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blocks
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age inappropriate actions or attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others
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conduct problems= antisocial behavior (ASB)
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-legal term for antisocial behavior
-not necessarily considered a mental disorder |
delinquency
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mix of impulsive, overactive, agressive and delinquint acts
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externalizing behaviors
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key features of ASB
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-vary in severity
-some behaviors decrease with age -some behaivors increasewith age and opportunity ***more common in boys during childhood*** |
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CD: prevalence
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1-6% of 9-17 year olds
more common in boys than girls more common in cities than rural areas |
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characteristics ODD
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age inappropriate pattern of negativistic hostile and defiant behaviors
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characteristics CD
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severe aggressive and anitsocial acts that involve inflicting pain on others or interfering with others' rights
-almost always preceded by ODD |
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Characteristics ASPD
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1. antisocial behavior
-disregard for rights others -multiple illegal behaviors 2. psychopathy -callous manipulative deceitful remorseless -narcissitic |
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__% of people with ASPD have CD
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40
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In the brains of those with antisocial behavior..what is abnormal?
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-frontal lobe hypoactive
-less gray matter -abnormalities in limbic system- not processing emotional info typically gene study shows...not producing enough dopamine, seritonin |
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For antisocial behavior, how are the neurotransmitters different from normal indivduals?
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Decreased serotonin and dopamine
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For antisocial behavior, how are the hormones different from normal indivduals?
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Decreased testosterone
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Antisocial behavior causes
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*early maternal rejection
*separation from parents, w/o adequate alternatie caregiver *early instituionalization *familly neglect *abuse or violence *parental mental illness *parental marital discord *large family size *crowding *poverty |
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teach parents to change child's behavior using contingencies
improve parent child interactions and communications |
Parent management Traning (PMT)
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identify child's cognitive deficienceis and social situations, provide instruction practice and feedback to handle social situations better
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Problem-solving skills training (PSST)
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PMT +PSST + marital thearpy +_ etc
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Multisystematic treatment (MST)
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