Disorders Of Cardiac Function

Front 1

acute pericarditis

Back 1

CHEST PAIN -- VIRAL INFECTION
--defined as signs and symptoms resulting from a pericardial inflammation of less than 2 weeks. may occur as an isolated disease or as the result of systemic disease

Front 2

pericardial effusion

Back 2

refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
-RESULT OF INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, TRUMA
-cardiac tamponade; when have compression of heart due to fluid build up

Front 3

constrictive pericarditis

Back 3

when have scar tissue development

Front 4

coronary artery disease

Back 4

describes heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow
-CAUSED BY ATHEROSCLEROSIS
-disease of CA can cause; myocardial ischemia and angina, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrthmias, heart failure and sudden death
-heart attack is the single largest killer of men and women in US

Front 5

Assessment of coronary blood flow and myocardial perusin

Back 5

-Electrocardiography= most common
-Exercise stress testing'
-Echocardiography
-nuclear cardiac imaging
-cardiac cathetarization and arteriography: IS INVASIVE. VIEWS AND RECORDS FLOW RASCAPIC IMAGES OF THE HEART AND VESSELS

Front 6

acute coronary syndrome

Back 6

-refers to disorders of myocardial blood flow due to stable or unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaques

Front 7

Serum biomarkers

Back 7

find out if they having heart attack
-troponin: first thing to do cuz its specific
-myoglobin: release quickly (not specific)
-CK-MB: elevated and be normal 3-4 days

Front 8

ECG changes

Back 8

ST elevation charges to see if they having heart attack

Front 9

Unstable angina/non-ST segment elevation myocardial infraction

Back 9

-considered to be a clinical syndrome of myocardial ischemia
ranging from stable angina to myocardial infraction
- 3 phases of this'
1- development of the unstable plaque that ruptures.
2- the acute ischemic event
3. the long-term risk of recurrent events that remains after the acute event
---these can lead to stable angina

Front 10

Pain associated with UA/stemi

Back 10

occurs at rest, usually lasting more than 20 mins
-pain is severe and described as frank pain and of new onset
-pain is more severe, prolonged or frequent than previously experienced.

Front 11

Classification/risk stratification

Back 11

outcome can range from excellent to death
-classified as low, intermediate or high risk for acute myocardial infection
Based on:
-clinical history
-ECG pattern: ST-segment depression
-Serum biomarkers
(st depression line down)

Front 12

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

Back 12

-also known as heart attack
-characterized by the ischemic death of myocardial tissue
-associated with atherosclerotic disease of the corornary arteries
-the area of infarction is determined by the coronary artery that is affected and by its distribution of blood flow.

Front 13

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
----Pathologic changes

Back 13

may involve: endocardium, myocardium( MOST EFFECTED), epicardium or a combination of these.
-loss of function occurs within 60 seconds of onset
-irreversible damage to cells occurs in 40 minutes.
-irreversible myocardial cell death occurs after 20-40 mins of severe ischemia

Front 14

Know! clinical presentation of MI

Back 14

-Pain is the significant symptom
--severe and crushing
--often described as being constricting suffocating or sitting on the chest
--usually substernal, radiating to the left arm, neck, or jaw.
--not relieved by rest or nitroglu cerin
--nacroctics frequently are required
- GI compalints: nausea and vomitting
-fatigue and weakness
-tachycardia
-anxiety
-rest lessness
-feeling of impending doom
-skin is pale, cool, and moist
-hypotension and shock
-ventricular arrthythmias
-sudden death

Front 15

Reperfusion strategies

Back 15

-fibrinolytic therapy: drugs that dissolve blood and platelet clots
-percutanous coronary intervention
-coronary artery bypass grafting: involves revascularization of the affected myocardium by placing a vein graft between the aorta and the affected coronary artery distal to the site occulsion

Front 16

Postinfarction recovery period

Back 16

-three ones of tissue damage
---zone of myocardial tissue that becomes necrotic
---zone of injured cells (not reversible)
---outer zone in which cells are ischemic (reversible)

Front 17

Complications of Postinfarction recovery period

Back 17

sudden death
stroke
pericarditis
thromboemboli
mechanical defects
-HEART FAILURE
-CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Front 18

Cardiac rehabilitation

Back 18

-excercise
-nutrition
-smoking cessation
-psychosocial managment
-education

Front 19

Stable angina

Back 19

-associated with a fixed coronary obstructin that produces a disparity between coronary flow and metabolic demands of the myocardium
-pain is precipitated by situation that increase the work, demands of the heart.
-pain is located in the precordiac or substernal area of chest

Front 20

Stable angina

Back 20

-provoked by excertion or emotional stress
-relieved within minutes by rest or use of nitroglycerin

Front 21

TREATMENT: Stable angina

Back 21

-lifestyle modifications to reduce risk factors
-pharmacologic treatment to relieve ischemia and alleviate symptoms