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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the parts of the upper respiratory system |
- Nares - Nose - sinuses - Pharynx - Larynx |
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List the parts of the lower respiratory system |
- Trachea - bronchi - Lungs - Pleural cavity |
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What are some diseases that affect the upper respiratory system |
- Rhinitis - Nasal Tumors - Sinusitis - Tonsilitis/ tonsilar neoplasia - Laryngitis - epistaxis |
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What are some diseases that affect the lower respiratory system? |
- tracheobronchitis - tracheal collapse - feline asthma - feline viral infections - pneumonia - heartworm (especially in cats) - neoplasia |
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define pneumothorax |
a penetrating wound to the thoracic cavity, usually collapses the lungs |
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what are the symptoms of brachiocephaly |
- stenotic nares (narrow nares openings) - elongated soft palate - hypoplastic tracheas (disproportionately small trachea compared to body size) |
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What is a surgical treatment for stenotic nares? |
wedge resection: cutting away a portion of the tissue to open the nares |
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What does an elongated soft palate do? |
- causes noisy breathing - could occlude the airway
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When anesthetising an brachiocephalic animal what is it important to remember |
the E-T tube is usually left in much later, and the animal is watched far more closely. This allows for better breathing when coming out of anesthesia. |
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How are upper respiratory system diseases often characterized? |
By their type of nasal discharge and whether it's unilateral or bilateral |
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what are the different types of nasal discharge? |
- Serous (clear) - Mucoid (white) - Purulent (yellow-green) - Sanguineous (bloody)
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define epistaxis |
actively bleeding from the nose |
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True or False: Epistaxis is always unilateral. |
False. Epistaxis can be unilateral or bilateral |
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causes of epistaxis |
- tumors - foreign bodies - trauma - infection (fungal or bacterial) |
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Which types of epistaxis are most often unilateral? |
tumors and foreign bodies |
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Treatment of epistaxis |
Stop the bleeding (duh) - instill vasoconstrictive drugs (phenolephrine) - apply pressure if possible - if rodenticide toxicity- vitamin K
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What vitamins do rodenticides interfere with? |
vitamin K |
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How do nasal tumors present |
- unilateral mucoid nasal discharge (may become sanguineous as tumor enlarges) - unresponsive to treatment |
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Why would a nasal tumor create sanguineous discharge? |
invades the underlying tissue and vascular supply |
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diagnosis for nasal tumors? |
- Index of suspicion 1. Radiographs 2. CT scan/ MRI 3. Rhinoscopy 4. Biopsy |
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Treatment for Nasal Tumors |
- Surgery (palliative) - Surgery + Radiation ( daily radiation for 3 - 4 weeks- improves prognoses to 47mos.) - Piroxicam (NSAID for palliative treatment if no Sx) |
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Prognosis for Nasal tumors |
No treatment: grave (3 mos.) Sx alone: poor (8-19 mos.) Radiation + surgery: Poor but better (47 mos.) |
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What does the suffix itis indicate? |
inflammation |
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what are the inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tree? |
- Rhinitis - Sinusitis - Pharyngitis - Tonsillitis - Laryngitis |
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Who is more likely to get Rhinitis? |
Cats |
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Define Rhinitis |
a general term for inflammation of the nose |
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What are the causes of rhinitis? |
- infectious - allergic |
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What are the symptoms of Rhinitis? |
- Nasal Discharge (serous, mucoid, mucopurulent) - Sneezing - Coughing/gagging - Scurfs (encrustation of nares) - Pawing at the nose/ excessive licking at nose - crusting and discharge on the front feet (from pawing) |
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Define scurfs |
encrustation of the nares |
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Diagnosis of Rhinitis |
- Clinical Signs - Culture and sensitivity (ideally) |
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Why would we want to do a culture and sensitivity for Rhinitis? |
To pinpoint the causal agent so we can pick a more specific antibiotic. Usually we just use a broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Treatment for rhinitis |
- Supportive Care (removal of scurf) - Antibiotics (if indicated) - Antihistamines - Lysine to decrease viral replication |
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What antihistamines would we use for Rhinitis and how are they administered? |
- Phenylephrine drops (locally on nares) - ephedrine (topical) - chlorpheneramine / ciproheptidine (also an appetite stimulant!) |
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Why would we give antihistamines for Rhinitis? |
To try to dry secretions |
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Why are antibiotics really not a cure for rhinitis? |
Most cases are caused by viral infections, but the antibiotics would treat secondary infections |
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How does Sinusitis manifest in cats? |
Chronic U.R.I |
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How does Sinusitis manifest in dogs? |
Tooth root abscess |
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Clinical Signs of sinusitis in Dogs? |
- swelling under the eye +/- unilateral nasal discharge
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Clinical signs of Sinusitis in Cats? |
- chronic nasal discharge |
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Diagnostics for Sinusitis? |
- Clinical signs - Physical Exam - Radiographs - Culture and sensitivity (unlikely with tooth root abcess, too much bacteria in mouth) |
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Treatment for Sinusitis? |
Dogs: - tooth removal (all of it) - antibiotics Cats: - Sinus flush - Lysine (for viral components) |
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What are tonsils? |
- lumps of lymphoid tissue in the back of the mouth - Act as sentinels for deeper respiratory structures |
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What does unilateral sore throat (inflammation) usually indicate? |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Is tonsilitis normally a lone disease? |
no, it's usually accompanied by other upper respiratory diseases |
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What condition is common with tonsilitis |
neoplasia |
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Clinical signs of Tonsilitis and Pharyngitis: |
- Anorexia - Ptyalism - Pain on opening mouth
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Define Ptyalism |
excessive drooling |
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diagnosis for tonsilitis and pharyngitis: |
- Physical Exam |
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Treatment for tonsilitis and pharyngitis: |
- systemic antibiotics - soft food - pain medication - possible surgery (if cancerous) |
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What are the three causes for Laryngeal Paralysis? And which is most common? |
- Hereditary - Acquired - Idiopathic (most common) |
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True or False: Laryngeal Paralysis is always bilateral |
False. Can be unilateral or bilateral |
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Who is most often diagnosed with laryngeal paralysis? |
Male Dogs Can affect both dogs and cats |
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What does the fox say? |
Bing bing bing ba ding da dah ding ding. Coo cah coo ka coo cah kah coo coo. Ta tah ta ta tah ta tah tah ta Penis Penis Penis Penis Penis Penis Penis... dirty fox. |
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Causes of acquired laryngeal paralysis: |
- lead poisoning - rabies - trauma - inflammation of the vagus nerve |
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Who is commonly diagnosed with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis |
- middle aged dogs - large and giant breed dogs (labs, goldens etc.) - castrated males |
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Clinical signs of Laryngeal Paralysis |
- inspiratory stridor (more difficult in than out) - Respiratory Distress - Loss of endurance (because of lack of oxygen) - voice and bark change - dyspnea - cyanosis - respiratory collapse - hoarse panting |
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Diagnosis of Laryngeal paralaysis |
laryngoscopy (sedation with laryngeal exam) |
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Treatment for Laryngeal paralysis |
none are ideal - removal of vocal cords- not done often - tie back procedure |
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What is a risk after doing a tie back procedure for laryngeal paralysis |
the animal is more likely to aspirate |
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What is the prognosis for laryngeal paralysis |
guarded to good. - surgery will increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia |
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What are the diseases of the lower respiratory tract? |
- Tracheobronchitis - Tracheal collapse - Feline Asthma - Feline viral respiratory infections - Pneumonia - Heartworm disease (feline) DARDS - Neoplasia - Pulmonary edema - Hemothorax - pnumothorax |
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What are the three categories of diseases affecting the trachea? |
- Infectious - Trauma - Congenital |
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Give an example of an infectious disease affecting the trachea |
Tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) |
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What are some traumatic diseases that affect the trachea |
- strangulation - laceration - obstruction |
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What is a congenital disease that affects the trachea? |
collapsing trachea |
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What is the etiology of collapsing trachea? |
unknown |
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What is the pathology of collapsing trachea? |
weakening of the cartilage in the tracheal rings causes the trachea to collapse in on itself. |
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Who often experiences collapsing tracheas? |
Middle age to older dogs (but can occur at any age, just won't show signs until older) often obese. toy and miniature breeds are more susceptable yorkies
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Clinical signs of collapsing tracheas |
- history of paroxysmal coughing (harsh, dry, goose honking) - cough worse with exercise or excitement (worse when pulling on leash) - Can have concurrent signs of heart disease |
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Diagnosis of Collapsing Trachea |
- Tracheal palpation - Radiography (both inspiratory and expiratory) - Bronchoscopy - Untrasound - Fluoroscopy - Rule out other causes of cough |
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What type of collapse are you more likely to see on a radiography taken during inspiration? Expiration? |
Inspiration: cervical collapse Expiration: intrathoracic collapse |
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Medical Treatment for collapsing trachea |
Acute: - acepromazine - Oxygen Therapy - steroids - butorphanol chronic: - antitussives - bronchodilators - glucocorticosteroids |
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Surgical options for collapsing trachea |
- insertion of a prosthetic mesh tube to keep trachea open |
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Prognosis for collapsing trachea |
- Chronic illness: can't be fixed
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What can be done to assist an animal with collapsing trachea |
- keep their weight down - walk them on a harness - avoid irritants - monitor for respiratory infections - monitor for concurrent development of heart disease |
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Causes of strangulation |
- runners and leashes - abuse |
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What is often a sign that strangulation is not accidental |
Fracture to the hyoid bone |
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Two types of tracheal trauma |
- Strangulation - Asphyxiation |
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What can be done for trauma to the trachea |
Emergency situation - establish the airway (may require tracheostomy) - Treat for shock - remove obstruction from the airway- heimlich or physical removal |
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What is a Tracheostomy |
creating a hole between the ridges in the cartilage below an obstruction to allow for a patent airway |
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What are the causes of tracheal laceration? |
- foreign body - iatrogenic (bad E.T. tube use)
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What is a sign that an E.T. tube has caused trauma to the trachea? |
Within 24 hours of surgery the owner will call indicating the animal is in respiratory distress. |
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What is a sign of tracheal laceration that can be found on physical exam? |
Subcutaneous emphysema |
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what is subcutaneous emphysema |
air is escaping the trachea through lacerations, it sounds like bubble wrap under the skin |
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what can be done to repair a tracheal laceration? |
- tiny tears may resolve on their own - larger tears will need to be surgically repaired |
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define true choke |
tracheal obstruction |
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What is the most common cause of tracheal obstruction and what can be done for the animal? |
- When the animal inhales food. - In large animals: Heimlich - In a small animal: inversion and pressure to chest
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Explain how the heimlich manuver is performed on a large dog. |
- pressure to the diaphragm - push in and up against the diaphragm |
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Explain how the heimlich maneuver is performed on small animals. |
- inversion - apply pressure to the chest, not the diaphragm |
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Diseases of the lower respiratory tree are divided into two categories, what are those categories? |
Infectious and Inflammatory |
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What infectious diseases affect the lower respiratory tree? |
Pneumonia |
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What are the causes of pneumonia? |
Multiple pathogens contribute to the cause - bacterial - viral (canine influenza) - fungal - parasitic - foreign body |
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What are the inflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tree? |
Dogs: - pulmonary infiltrative eosinophilia (pie) - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Cats: - Asthma (allergic reaction) |
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What are the clinical signs of pneumonia? |
signs may be subtle and have a rapid onset: - fever - productive cough - +/- nasal discharge - respiratory distress - lethargy - inappetance |
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How is pneumonia diagnosed? |
- Physical exam - radiographs (may not be stable enough for sedation) - TTA Transtracheal Aspiration - Culture and sensitivity |
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Treatment of pneumonia |
- depends on the etiology - Supportive care (oxygen + fluids) - Antibiotics if bacterial and for secondary bacterial infections |
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Prognosis for pneumonia |
Depends on the etiology - bacterial: fair with long term antibiotics - viral supportive therapy: fair - Fungal: poor - parasitic: good - foreign body or aspiration: poor |
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What do you not wan to use (medication) for pneumonia |
anti tussives, want them to work it up |
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What are the allergic lung diseases of Cats? |
Asthma |
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What are the allergic lung diseases of Dogs? |
- PIE: Pulmonary infiltrative eosinophilia - COPD: Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease - Chronic Bronchitis |
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What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease COPD |
A progressive disease. causes a loss of compliance of the respiratory tree. fewer alvioli are available for oxygen exchange |
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What is the Pathology of feline asthma? |
- bronchoconstriction - airway inflamation - airway hyperactivity |
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Clinical signs of feline asthma. |
- coughing (may be chronic) - wheezing - lethargy - labored breathing - acute onset |
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Diagnosis for feline asthma |
Start with clinical signs and history But you must have Radiographs, not a diagnosis of feline asthma without radiographs! |
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Why can't we rely on physical exam for the diagnosis of feline asthma? |
the cat may not be experiencing symptoms at the time of the exam, but the issues are still there. |
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what do you have to rule out before the diagnosis of feline asthma is complete? |
- heartworm - hairballs - pneumonia - cancer - trauma |
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Treatment for feline asthma |
- cortico steroids (inhaled are better than oral) - bronchodilators (albuterol- in an emergency) - nebulization |
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Prognosis for feline asthma |
variable, it depends on the patient, the cause and the severity of the disease |
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How does allergic lung disease progress in dogs |
Starts with Pulmonary infiltrative eosinophilia (PIE) Progresses to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease |
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clinical signs of canine allergic lung disease |
- Coughing - Exercise intolerance |
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Diagnosis of canine allergic lung disease |
- Physical exam - Radiographs - TTA Trans tracheal asperate |
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Who is more often diagnosed with Canine allergic lung disease? |
middle aged to older dogs |
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Treatment of Canine allergic lung disease |
- glucocorticosteroids - antihistamines - bronchodilators |
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What is important to remember about lung cancer in animals? |
It's rarely a primary tumor. Often it's the last place the cancer metasticises to. |
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What does it mean when a tumor is diffuse |
it's not pinpointed in one location, it's all over. |
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What can be done for lung cancer |
Chemotherapy and treatment of the primary cancer |
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Prognosis for lung cancer |
guarded to grave |
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What type of surgery can be done for a primary tumor in the lungs |
lobectomy: removal of a lung lobe |
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What tests can be done to determine lung cancer? |
- radiographs (MET check) - biopsy - cytology |
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What is a MET check |
radiographs right lateral view left lateral view and a vd view |
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what is a pulmonary contusion |
bruising of the lung tissues |
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what is the cause of pulmonary contusions? |
trauma |
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what is a big risk after an animal has experienced pulmonary contusions |
pneumonia is common 5-7 days after occurrence |
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What are the three things that can happen to the alveoli because of pulmonary contusions |
- edema - hemorrhage - collapse |
