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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is most heart disease caused by?
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Atherosclerotic obstruction of the coronary vessels
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What is the lifetime risk for developing symptomatic CAD after age 40?
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50% for men
40% for women |
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The rate of V Tach is....
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>120 bpm
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What is the most common cause of CHF?
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Cardiac muscle damage from coronary artery ischemia
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What is the kidney's response to the low CO of left sided heart failure?
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Stimulation of the RAAS
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Pure right sided heart failure is associated with what?
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-Pulmonary HTN resulting from lung or pulmonary vascular dz...this is called Cor pulmonale
-Uncommon |
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When does CAD become clinically apparent?
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Age 60 in men
Age 70 in women |
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What is the most common cause of death in industrialized nations?
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MI
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Most MI's are initiated by___& accompanying___
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-Plaque disruption
-Thombosis |
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Which coronary arteries are most commonly affected in an MI?
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1. Left circumflex artery (2/3) supplying the left lateral V wall
2. Right coronary artery (1/3) supplying the left posterior V wall |
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What is a complication of the healing process after an MI?
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A mural thrombus
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What are the three enzymes that make up the CK lab value?
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-CK-MM (skeletal muscle)
-CK-MB (heart) -CK-BB (brain) |
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What is both a sensitive & specific test for the indication of an MI?
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Troponin!
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Define sudden cardiac death
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Natural death from cardiac causes within one hour of onset of Sx
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Acute rheumatic fever is a syndrome of which 4 things?
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-arthritis
-valvulitis -myocarditis -pericarditis |
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What is the most common cause of isolated aortic stenosis?
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Calcific aortic stenosis (age-related)
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What is the most common valve disease?
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Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve
-the cause is unknown -it is often hypochondriacal |
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What are the two types of endocarditis?
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-noninfective thrombotic (made up of platelets & fibrinous material)
-infective |
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Which valves are most commonly affected in infective endocarditis?
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-Aortic
-Mitral |
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What causes primary myocardial disease?
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-Myocarditis
-Cardiomyopathy |
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What is myocarditis caused by?
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-Virus
-Autoimmune dz |
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What is dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by?
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-progressive cardiac hypertrophy
-Dilation -Low EF -M>W, ages 20-60 |
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy accounts for what percentage of sudden, nonviolent, unexpected death?
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40%
-Presents between age 30-50 |
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What characterizes restrictive cardiomyopathy?
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-Rare
-Stiff, noncompliant V's |
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What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
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Endomyocardial fibrosis
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What is the cause of most congenital heart disease?
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Unknown
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What are the three types of anatomical defects seen with congenital heart disease?
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-Malrotation resulting in misplacement of a vessel (transposition of the great vessels)
-Expansion resulting in hypoplastic chambers or vessels (coarctation of the aorta) -Septal defects |
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What is the most common type of congenital heart defects?
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Left-to-Right shunts (ass'd w/ late cyanosis....R-to-L ass'd w/ early cyanosis)
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What are the three types of L-R shunts?
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-Atrial septal defect
-Ventricular septal defect -Patent ductus arteriosis |
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What is Tetrology of Fallot?
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Characterizes the most common R-to-L shunt:
-VSD -Small pulmonary A or pulmonary valve stenosis -Misplaced aorta -RVH |
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What two symptoms characterize pericarditis?
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-Atypical CP
-Audible friction rub |
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What is meant by forward failure & backward failure?
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Forward-LV failure
Backward-RV failure |
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Why can prompt intervention limit the size of an infarct?
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B/c infarcts evolve slowly from smaller to larger: from subendocardial to transmural
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What are the dangers associated with infective and nonbacterial endocarditis?
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Infective:
-regurgitation -Bacterial emboli may cause distant abscess Nonbacterial: -may become infected & embolize to cause infarction |
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What are the causes of noninfective endocarditis?
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-Cachexia
-Internal malignancy -DVT |
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What are the main causes of primary cardiomyopathy?
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-Inflammation
-Metabolic disorder -Autoimmune disease -Muscular dystrophy |
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Does a coronary artery need to be 100% occluded to cause an MI?
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No
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What is a typical location for an irritable focus in the atrium?
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The entrances of the coronary veins
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