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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the resting resp rate of a horse? |
About 15 bpm |
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At canter, expiration occurs when which leg hits the groud? |
The leading front leg |
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What does 4-BAD stand for? |
4th brachial arch defect |
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Briefly describe what is meant by 4th Brachial arch defect |
Congential defect of the extrinsic structures of the larynx that develop from the 4th brachial arch |
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What nerve innovates the nostrils |
Facial nerve |
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What does halitosis mean? |
Bad breath |
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List some symptoms of nasal passage disease |
Discharge Halitosis Abnormal resp noise Dyspnoea Coughing Facial distortion Head shaking |
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Where should nasogastric tubes be placed in the nasal passage? |
Ventral meatus |
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Describe wry nose |
Rare, congential condisiton causing deviation of the septum and nasal obstruction |
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What is an ethmoid haematoma and where are they usually found? |
Encapsulated non-neoplastic mass Paranasal sinuses |
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Which fungus typically causes nasal disease? What type of discharge is seen? |
Aspergillus Purulent/bloody |
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How many pairs of paranasal sinuses do horses have? |
6 |
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What are the names of the paranasal sinuses? |
Rostral maxillary Caudal Maxillary Frontal Dorsal conchal Ventral conchal Ethmoid |
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Where do the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinuses drain into? |
Middle meatus |
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Where do all other sinuses, apart form the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal, drain into? |
Caudal maxillary and then into the middle meatus |
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What is the most commmon cause of secondary sinusitis in horses? |
Dental disease |
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What is suturutis? |
Periostitis of the suture lines between the nasal and frontal bones |
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What are some common tumours of the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses? |
Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Fibro-osseous tumours |
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What is a squamous cell carcinoma? |
Cancer of the keratinocytes in the outer layer of skin |
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What is an adenocarcinoma? |
Cancer of mucous secreting glands |
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What 2 structures do the guttural pouches connect? |
The nasopharynx and the middle ear |
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Which bone runs through the guttutal pouches? |
Stylohyoid |
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What important structures are found at the lateral aspect of the guttural pouches? |
External carotid Maxillary artery Facial and mandibular nerves |
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What important structures are found at the medial aspect of the guttural pouches? |
Internal and External carotid Cranial laryngeal nerve Cranial nerves 4, 5, 6, 7 |
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What are some symptoms of guttural pouch disease? |
Epistaxis Nasal discharge Nerve dysfunction Swelling Dyspnoea |
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What is guttural pouch mycosis? |
Fungal plaques form over vessles, most commonaly the internal carotid |
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What are the clinical signs of guttural pouch mycosis? |
Epistaxis Nasal discharge +/- nerve dysfunction |
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What is guttural pouch empyaema? |
Purulent material/chondriods in one or both pouches due to URT infections E.g. strangles |
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What are the signs of guttural pouch empyaema? |
Nasal discharge Noise at rest Parotid swelling Extended head carriage Difficulty swallowing
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What is the treatment for guttural pouch empyaema? |
Flushing/endoscopic/surgical removal |
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What is guttural pouch tympany? |
Air enters the pouch via the audioty canal but is unable to leave through the pharynx |
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What aged animal is guttural pouch mostly commonly seen in? |
Foals up to a year old |
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What are the clincal signs of guttual pouch tympany? |
High pitched inspiratoory stridor Swelling Dysphagia |
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Rupture of whoch muscle could lead to heamorrhage of the guttural pouches and epistaxis? |
Longus capitis |
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What is the treatment of strap muscle rupture? |
Box rest, anti-inflammatories and supportive care |
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What are the clinical signs of strap muscle rupture? |
Epistaxis - BILATERAL Ataxia Head tilt Secondary URT infection |
