Diseases Of Gi Tract

Front 1

Barrett metaplasia

Back 1

under some circumstances lower esophageal squamous epithelium may change (undergo metplasia) from normal, flat squamous cells to tall, columnar gastric (acid-secreting) cells

Front 2

hiatal hernia

Back 2

upward movement of part of the stomach or intestines into the chest

Front 3

achalasia

Back 3

painfaul spasms

Front 4

dysphagia

Back 4

difficult swallowing

Front 5

gastroesophageal junction

Back 5

where esophagus joins the stomach

Front 6

cells of esophagageal lining

Back 6

flat squamous epithelium

Front 7

cells of stomach lining

Back 7

tall columnar, acid-secreting epithelium

Front 8

esophageal hiatus

Back 8

opening in the diaphgram that the esophagus must pass through to reach the stomach

Front 9

mucosa

Back 9

innermost layer of mucosa is epithelium, rests upon a basement membrane

Front 10

submucosa

Back 10

contains accessory glands, specialized lymphoid tissue (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT), lymphatics, blood vessels, interstitial tissue, and autonomic nerve plexus

Front 11

serosa

Back 11

outermost layer, layer of flat peritoneal cells

Front 12

flat, squamous cells located here

Back 12

mouth, esophageus, and last centimeter of anus

Front 13

tall, columnar cells here

Back 13

stomach, small bowel, and colon

Front 14

upper part of stomach

Back 14

cardia

Front 15

mid part of stomach

Back 15

body of fundus

Front 16

distal part of stomach

Back 16

pylorus

Front 17

pepsin

Back 17

converted from pepsinogen; protein-digesting enzyme

Front 18

pyloric spincter

Back 18

located at lower end of pylorus; relaxation of this releases food into frist part of small bowel (duodenum)

Front 19

gastrin (4 functions)

Back 19

stimulates: release of stomach acid; production of pancreatic digestive enzymes; bile production by liver; and intestinal peristalsis

Front 20

somatostatin (3 functions)

Back 20

inhibits: pituitary release of somatotropin (growth hormone); pancreatic secretion of insulin; stomach secretion of gastrin

Front 21

mesentery

Back 21

small bowel (and transverse colon) is suspended in abdomen by this

Front 22

omentum

Back 22

fold of periotneum b/t stomach and colon that serves as a store of fat and hangs in front to small bowel like an apron

Front 23

duodenum

Back 23

first 10-12 iinches of small bowel

Front 24

ampulla of Vater

Back 24

pancreatic and bile ducts empty through this opening

Front 25

jejunum absorbs what?

Back 25

absorbs most digested foodstuff, vitamins, iron, calcium, and other nutrients

Front 26

ileum absorbs what?

Back 26

absorbs bile salts, water and electrolytes, but only one critial nutrient = vitamin B12

Front 27

ileocecal valvue

Back 27

narrow one-way gate through which indigestible waste passes

Front 28

function of large bowel

Back 28

absorb water and a few vitamins and to compact feces

Front 29

hematemsis

Back 29

vomited blood

Front 30

vomited red blood is from

Back 30

esophagus

Front 31

vomited black "coffee ground" blood is from

Back 31

stomach; altered by gastric acid into granular, black material

Front 32

hematochezia and where it orignates from

Back 32

unaltered red blood mixed with stool; usu originates from lesions in lower colon or rectum

Front 33

melena

Back 33

passing of black (tarry) stools containing blood altered by intestinal and bacteria digestion; caused by bleeding from any intestinal site, including esophagus

Front 34

occult bleeding

Back 34

clinically unrecognized bleeding, detected by chemical testing of stool

Front 35

characteristic of blood from hemorrhoids or anal fissures

Back 35

usu bright red and appears on, not in, stool

Front 36

location and cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Back 36

from esophagus, stomach or first few centimeters of duodenum (where peptic ulcers usu appear)
causes: acute hemorrhagic gastritis, peptic ulcer of duodenum or stomach; esophageal tears caused by vomitting; esophageal varices, and vascular malformations

Front 37

location and causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Back 37

anywhere in bowel below first few centimeters of duodenum.
causes: inflammatory bowel disease or enterocolitis, colonic diverticulosis, neoplasms, colonic angiodysplasia

Front 38

hernia

Back 38

protrusion of bowel through an anatomic space such as the hiatus in diaphgram, through which the esophagus passes, or a defect such as a weakended surgical scar

Front 39

inguinal hernia

Back 39

testes descend to scrotum from abdomen, creating a channel through which the spermatic cord passes in adulthood. Intra-abdominal pressure can force the canal open and bowel can slide into it

Front 40

adhesions

Back 40

caused by abdominal surgery, infection, or other inflammation that may leave bands of fibrous scar tissue (adhesions) in which loops of bowel may become entangled, trapped, and obstructed

Front 41

intussusception

Back 41

telescoping of bowel: distal segment swallos the proximal one. swallowed segment may become trapped causing bowel obstruction and infarction

Front 42

volvulus

Back 42

twisting of segment of bowel on its vascular stalk; result is bowel and vascular obstruction with ischemia or infarction

Front 43

symptoms of bowel obstruction

Back 43

pain, vomitting, abdominal distention, lack of stools, and hyperactive bowel sounds

Front 44

caries

Back 44

(tooth decay) erosion of tooth enamel caused by bacterial digestion of dietary sugar and other carbs, which produce tooth-destroying acid

Front 45

gingivitis

Back 45

inflammation of superficial gums, caused by plaque.leads to retraction of gums which exposes root to infection

Front 46

periodontitis

Back 46

deeper inflammation and infection of soft tissues around tooth root, allows deep bacterial invasion

Front 47

aphthous ulcers

Back 47

(canker sores) common, small, painful, shallow ulcers of oral cavity. caused by stress, fever, or certain foods. occur usu in children and young adults

Front 48

oral herpesvirus

Back 48

virus finds permanent home in fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal). when stimulated by fever, sunlight, cold, trauma or infection it multiplies and migrates to erupt in skin as cold sore or fever blister

Front 49

candidiasis

Back 49

of the mouth = thursh
fuzzy white membrane or curd

Front 50

leukoplakia

Back 50

small, focal, superficial white patch of squamous mucosa. When irritated or damaged, the squamous cells lining the oral cavity undergo metaplasia and develop ability to produce keratin
associated with tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and chronic irritation

Front 51

sialadenitis

Back 51

inflammation of salivary glands.
usu casued by viral infection or autoimmune disease.
parotid gland is most often affected.
childhood mumps is most common viral agent

Front 52

Sjogren syndrome

Back 52

autoimmune sialadenitis.
combination of salivary and lacrimal gland inflammation that damages glands, drying up tears and saliva and producing dry eyes and dry mouth

Front 53

pleomorphic adenoma

Back 53

aka mixed tumors.
common tumors of salivary glands.
almost all are begnin.
can cause problems b/c if removed, can affect facial nerve and cause face drooping