Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
302 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
faruncles: how many heads?
|
one
|
|
|
carbuncles: how many heads?
|
2 +
|
|
|
faruncles are infection of what:
|
hair follicles
|
|
|
bacteria in faruncles:
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
flesh eating disease aka
|
necrotizing fasciitis
|
|
|
bacter in nec fasc
|
strep pyogenes, s aureus
|
|
|
necrotizing fasciitis known for
|
great toxigenicity, invasiveness
|
|
|
brown sugar crusts are specific to
|
impetigo
|
|
|
impetigo bacteria are
|
s. pyogenes, s aureus
|
|
|
impetigo is contracted via
|
direct contact with abrasions
|
|
|
SSSS stands for
|
Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome
|
|
|
who is usually affected by SSSS?
|
babies in nursery, contracted by nurses who are carriers
|
|
|
acne is caused by
|
p. acnes in skin
|
|
|
acne bumps are called
|
pustules/papules
|
|
|
treatment for acne
|
abx, accutane, retin A
|
|
|
crush wounds usually have
|
gas gangrene
|
|
|
bacteria causing gas gangrene
|
c. perfringens
|
|
|
collagenase eats
|
tissue/collagen
|
|
|
hyaluronidase eats
|
connective tissue
|
|
|
DNAse eats
|
DNA
|
|
|
crush wounds become tight due to
|
gas let off from bacteria
|
|
|
treatment for crush wounds/gas gangrene
|
hyperbaric, debridement
|
|
|
Chicken Pox caused by
|
varicella zoster
|
|
|
types of chicken pox bumps in order of outbreak
|
macules (spots), papules (bumps), vesicles (blisters)
|
|
|
chicken pox is contracted via
|
contact with weepy lesions
|
|
|
where are chicken pox concentrated?
|
on trunk
|
|
|
small pox caused by
|
variola virus
|
|
|
small pox bumps are called
|
umbilicated
|
|
|
small pox is contracted thru
|
direct or indirect contact
|
|
|
measles are caused by
|
rubeola virus
|
|
|
koplik spots are characteristic of
|
measles (rubeola)
|
|
|
koplik spots look like
|
salt grains in the mouth, on the tongue
|
|
|
MMR vaccine is for
|
measles, mumps, rubella
|
|
|
german measles aka
|
rubella
|
|
|
rubella is caused by
|
rubella virus
|
|
|
rubella virus is contracted via
|
respiratory droplets
|
|
|
those most affected by rubella?
|
pregnant women
|
|
|
characteristics of rubella
|
rash, can cross placenta
|
|
|
cutaneous anthrax is caused by
|
b. anthracis endospores
|
|
|
cutaneous anthrax is contracted bia
|
contact with hides, fur, waste of hoofed animals
|
|
|
who usually comes down with cutaneous anthrax?
|
hunters, ranchers
|
|
|
necrotic pit is characteristic of
|
cutaneous anthrax
|
|
|
cutaneous mycoses is what type of infection?
|
fungal
|
|
|
cutaneous mycoses has four types of infection locations:
|
tinea corporis: body
tinea capitis: head tinea cruris: groin tinea pedis: feet |
|
|
tinea corporis is a fungal infection of what body part?
|
the body
|
|
|
tinea capitis is a fungal infection of what body part?
|
the head
|
|
|
tinea cruris is a fungal infection of what body part?
|
the groin
|
|
|
tinea pedis is a fungal infection of what body part?
|
the feet
|
|
|
the tinea infections are characteristic of what disease?
|
cutaneous mycoses
|
|
|
cutaneous mycoses is contracted by
|
contact with dermophytes via skin tears
|
|
|
how to prevent cutaneous mycoses?
|
reduce body moisture
|
|
|
cold sores are caused by
|
herpes simplex I
|
|
|
what body part is usually affected by cold sores?
|
the lips
|
|
|
cold sores/herpes simplex I is contracted via
|
contact with fomites
|
|
|
treatment for herpes simplex I
|
acyclovir, antivirals
|
|
|
conjunctivitis aka
|
pink eye
|
|
|
bacteria causing conjunctivitis
|
neisseria, chlamydia, staph/strep
|
|
|
pink eye is contracted via
|
contact with eyes, crust
|
|
|
otitis media aka
|
middle ear infection
|
|
|
bacteria causing otitis media
|
s pneumoniae, s pyogenes, s aureus
|
|
|
ear drum rupture is characteristic of
|
otitis media
|
|
|
treatment for otitis media
|
abx, tubes
|
|
|
leprosy aka
|
hansen's disease
|
|
|
reservoir of leprosy
|
armadillo
|
|
|
bacteria causing leprosy
|
mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
areas of body affected by leprosy and why
|
limbs, because of lower body temperature; leprosy prefers temps of <30C
|
|
|
leprosy: tuberculoid destroys
|
mostly nerves, little tissue
|
|
|
leprosy: lepromatous destroys
|
lots of tissue, causes major disfigurement
|
|
|
treatment for leprosy
|
hawaii treatment, dapsone, rifampin
|
|
|
defenses of nervous system:
|
bony casings of brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
microglial cells support
|
brain if microbes pass bbb
|
|
|
are there biota in the nervous system?
|
no
|
|
|
the most severe meningitis is caused by
|
neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
less severe types of meningitis are caused by
|
h influenzae, s pneumoniae (most common in adults)
|
|
|
head ache & stiff neck
|
characteristics of meningitis
|
|
|
signs of meningitis
|
petechiae, ecchymosis
|
|
|
treatment for meningitis
|
abx, immunity
|
|
|
tetanus is caused by what bacteria
|
clostridium tetani
|
|
|
muscle contractions and rigidity/lockjaw are characteristics of
|
tetanus
|
|
|
tetanus is contracted via
|
contact with wounds (spores), anaerobic conditions and necrotic tissue
|
|
|
botulism is caused by what bacteria
|
clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
three types of botulism
|
food-borne, infant (honey), wound (gas gangrene)
|
|
|
flaccidity and rag-doll type body are characteristics of
|
botulism
|
|
|
most common culprit of botulism
|
improperly canned foods/damaged canned food
|
|
|
rabies is caused by
|
rabies virus
|
|
|
rabies is contracted via
|
contact with body fluids/animal bites
|
|
|
incubation period for rabies
|
1-2 months
|
|
|
anxiety, nervousness, impaired swallowing and coma are characteristics of
|
rabies
|
|
|
treatment for rabies includes
|
shots for pets, post-exposure therapy
|
|
|
poliomyelitis is caused by what
|
poliovirus
|
|
|
poliomyelitis is contracted via
|
fecal-oral route
|
|
|
non-paralytic type of polio characteristics
|
muscle pain, spasms
|
|
|
poliomyelitis is contracted via
|
fecal-oral route
|
|
|
paralytic type of polio characteristics
|
flaccid paralysis over a few hours to days
|
|
|
poliomyelitis causes
|
muscle degeneration
|
|
|
non-paralytic type of polio characteristics
|
muscle pain, spasms
|
|
|
famous person who had polio
|
FDR
|
|
|
paralytic type of polio characteristics
|
flaccid paralysis over a few hours to days
|
|
|
poliomyelitis causes
|
muscle degeneration
|
|
|
poliomyelitis is contracted via
|
fecal-oral route
|
|
|
treatment/prevention for polio
|
vaccine
|
|
|
famous person who had polio
|
FDR
|
|
|
non-paralytic type of polio characteristics
|
muscle pain, spasms
|
|
|
African trypanosomiasis aka
|
sleeping sickness
|
|
|
treatment/prevention for polio
|
vaccine
|
|
|
sleep sickness is caused by a protozoan called
|
trypanosoma
|
|
|
paralytic type of polio characteristics
|
flaccid paralysis over a few hours to days
|
|
|
sleep sickness is caused by what vector and in what country?
|
TseTse fly in equatorial Africa
|
|
|
poliomyelitis causes
|
muscle degeneration
|
|
|
African trypanosomiasis aka
|
sleeping sickness
|
|
|
famous person who had polio
|
FDR
|
|
|
sleep sickness is caused by a protozoan called
|
trypanosoma
|
|
|
extreme fatigue during the day and insomnia at night are characteristics of what disease?
|
African Trypanosomiasis or sleep sickness
|
|
|
sleep sickness is caused by what vector and in what country?
|
TseTse fly in equatorial Africa
|
|
|
cardiovascular system is protected by
|
WBCs
|
|
|
viremia
|
virus in blood
|
|
|
fungemia
|
fungus in blood
|
|
|
bacteremia
|
bacteria in blood
|
|
|
septicemia
|
bacteria in blood actively dividing
|
|
|
are there normal biota in the cardiovascular system?
|
no
|
|
|
endocarditis is inflammation of
|
the inner lining of the heart and includes the valves
|
|
|
is acute endocarditis indicative of new onset infection of valves?
|
yes
|
|
|
bacteria causing endocarditis?
|
s aureus, s pyogenes, s pneumoniae, n gonorrhoeae
|
|
|
endocarditis is contracted thru which route?
|
parenteral route; usually drug users and during surgery
|
|
|
endocarditis is toxic, hard to treat because of
|
biofilms
|
|
|
biofilms with endocarditis are present because
|
valves are bathed in blood, fibrin and platelets
|
|
|
subacute endocarditis means that
|
there was existing damage with heart valves
|
|
|
bacteria causing subacute endocarditis
|
s sanguis, s oralis, s mutans
|
|
|
subacute endocarditis is contracted via the
|
oral cavity
|
|
|
treatment/prevention of endocarditis
|
prophylactic treatment before dental work/surgery
|
|
|
septicemia causes a decrease in
|
blood pressure
|
|
|
septicemia is caused by
|
gram negative, lipid A toxin
|
|
|
lipid A toxin in septicemia causes a massive
|
inflammatory response
|
|
|
how to diagnose septicemia
|
with blood cultures
|
|
|
treatment for septicemia
|
first with broad spectrum, then with narrow after blood culture
|
|
|
lyme disease is caused by what?
|
borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
lyme disease originated where?
|
Old Lyme, Connecticut
|
|
|
the borrelia burgdorferi of lyme disease is a loosely coiled ______
|
spirochete
|
|
|
lyme disease is contacted via what vector?
|
the tick
|
|
|
a bullseye lesion is characteristic of what disease?
|
lyme disease
|
|
|
bullseye lesion aka
|
erythema migrans
|
|
|
infectious mononucleosis is caused by what two viruses?
|
Eppstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
|
|
|
severe fatigue for months and need for isolation are characteristics of what disease?
|
infectious mononucleosis
|
|
|
90% of people in the world, esp teens, have this type of mono virus
|
EBV
|
|
|
the immunocompromised usually contract this type of mono virus
|
CMV
|
|
|
those with mono will usually be what type of carriers?
|
chronic
|
|
|
brucellosis is caused by what bacteria?
|
brucella abortus
|
|
|
brucellosis causes _____ in cattle
|
abortions
|
|
|
a wave-like fever is also called
|
undulant
|
|
|
an undulant fever is characteristic of what disease?
|
brucellosis
|
|
|
this disease is typical in slaughterhouses, livestock handling
|
brucellosis
|
|
|
Q fever is aka
|
query
|
|
|
is there a distinct shape for Q fever?
|
no
|
|
|
Q fever is a bioterrorism concern because is has an Infectious Dose of:
|
1
|
|
|
Cat Scratch disease is caused by what?
|
bartonella henselae
|
|
|
cat scratch fever is contracted via what animal?
|
cats
|
|
|
rocky mountain spot fever is caused by what bacteria?
|
rickettsia rickettsii
|
|
|
rocky mtn fever is contracted via what vector?
|
the tick
|
|
|
rash on the palms and feet first, then spreads up is characteristic of what disease?
|
rocky mountain fever
|
|
|
malaria can be called
|
bad air
|
|
|
malaria is caused by what bacteria?
|
plasmodium malariae
|
|
|
malaria is contracted via what protozoan/vector?
|
mosquito
|
|
|
RBC rupture is characteristic of what disease?
|
malaria
|
|
|
treatment/prevention of malaria
|
antimalarial drugs, mosquito control
|
|
|
anthrax is caused by what bacteria?
|
bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
skin and lung infections are most common characteristics of what disease?
|
anthrax
|
|
|
anthrax is contracted via
|
spores in soil, air, animal hides
|
|
|
elephantiasis is caused by what bacteria?
|
wuchereria
|
|
|
the nematode worm is the vector for what disease?
|
elephantiasis
|
|
|
swelling of lymph tissue, usually legs, scrotum, arms and breasts are characteristic of what disease?
|
elephantiasis
|
|
|
treatment for elephantiasis can be done only
|
with early diagnosis
|
|
|
HIV is thought to originate from
|
chimps
|
|
|
HIV is caused by what virus?
|
retrovirus
|
|
|
retrovirus, HIV, is single or double stranded?
|
single
|
|
|
retrovirus changes RNA into
|
DNA
|
|
|
retrovirus integrates into
|
our DNA
|
|
|
retrovirus reverse transcriptase purpose
|
to change RNA into DNA
|
|
|
retrovirus integrase purpose
|
to integrate into our DNA
|
|
|
retrovirus protease purpose
|
to digest our proteins
|
|
|
retrovirus infects any cell with
|
CD4 markers
|
|
|
cells with CD4 markers that retrovirus infects are
|
Thelpers, monocytes, macrophages and B lymphocytes
|
|
|
first cycle in retrovirus infection
|
lytic cycle
|
|
|
during latent period of retrovirus infection, the virus ______ into our DNA
|
integrates
|
|
|
latent period of retrovirus infection can last up to _____ years
|
10
|
|
|
AIDS is when
|
HIV has been detected and at least 1 of these:
CD4 T helpers are low CD4 is less that 14% of all lymphocytes 1 or more AIDS-defining illnesses |
|
|
why is AIDS vaccine too difficult to make?
|
latency
|
|
|
what causes AIDS to mutate so rapidly?
|
the surface antigens
|
|
|
Thrush aka
|
Oral Candidiasis
|
|
|
oral candidiasis is caused by
|
candida albicans
|
|
|
candida albicans is a _____
|
yeast
|
|
|
latent period of retrovirus infection can last up to _____ years
|
10
|
|
|
candida albicans is what type of flora?
|
opportunistic
|
|
|
AIDS is when
|
HIV has been detected and at least 1 of these:
CD4 T helpers are low CD4 is less that 14% of all lymphocytes 1 or more AIDS-defining illnesses |
|
|
white growths on tongue and in mouth are characteristics of what disease?
|
thrush
|
|
|
why is AIDS vaccine too difficult to make?
|
latency
|
|
|
dental caries is cause by what?
|
s mutans
|
|
|
what causes AIDS to mutate so rapidly?
|
the surface antigens
|
|
|
Thrush aka
|
Oral Candidiasis
|
|
|
oral candidiasis is caused by
|
candida albicans
|
|
|
candida albicans is a _____
|
yeast
|
|
|
candida albicans is what type of flora?
|
opportunistic
|
|
|
white growths on tongue and in mouth are characteristics of what disease?
|
thrush
|
|
|
dental caries is cause by what?
|
s mutans
|
|
|
the most common communicable disease is
|
dental caries
|
|
|
prevention of dental caries?
|
good dental hygiene
|
|
|
dental caries culprit is
|
sucrose fermentation
|
|
|
trench mouth is caused by what?
|
treponema vencenti
|
|
|
necrotizing gingivitis is characteristic of what disease?
|
trench mouth
|
|
|
stomach ulcers aka
|
gastritis
|
|
|
stomach ulcers are caused by what?
|
h pylori
|
|
|
a urea breath test can diagnose what disease?
|
stomach ulcers
|
|
|
Hepatitis A is contracted via what route?
|
fecal-oral
|
|
|
jaundice, fatigue and loss of appetite are characteristics of what disease?
|
Hep A
|
|
|
prevention for Hep A & B?
|
vaccination
|
|
|
Hep B is contracted via
|
blood and sex
|
|
|
jaundice, fatigue, liver cancer and failure are characteristics of what disease?
|
Hep B
|
|
|
Hep C is contracted via
|
blood contact
|
|
|
jaundice, fatigue, chronic liver disease ~ 6 months after infection are characteristics of what disease?
|
Hep C
|
|
|
Vaccine available for Hep C?
|
no
|
|
|
viral gastroenteritis is caused by what?
|
rotavirus
|
|
|
viral gastroenteritis is contracted via what route?
|
fecal-oral
|
|
|
prevention of viral gastroenteritis
|
handwashing, especially in kids
|
|
|
mumps are caused by what?
|
mumps virus
|
|
|
mumps virus is contracted via
|
respiratory droplets
|
|
|
swelling of glands, brain and testes are characteristics of what disease?
|
mumps
|
|
|
treatment/prevention of mumps
|
vaccine
|
|
|
shigellosis aka
|
dysentery
|
|
|
shigellosis is caused by what toxin?
|
shigella - AB toxin
|
|
|
shigellosis is contracted via what route?
|
fecal-oral
|
|
|
how many cells are needed to transmit shigellosis?
|
200 cells
|
|
|
fluid loss, dehydration and low blood pressure are characteristics of what disease?
|
shigellosis
|
|
|
e coli 0157:H7 is caused by what?
|
enterohemorrhagic e coli
|
|
|
types of surface antigens in e coli 0157:h7
|
O and H
|
|
|
O antigen in e coli 0157:H7 is called
|
cell wall antigen
|
|
|
H antigen in e coli 0157:h7 is called
|
flagellar antigen
|
|
|
shiga toxin represented in what disease?
|
e coli 0157:h7
|
|
|
mild gastroenteritis with fever and bloody diarrhea are characteristics of what disease?
|
e coli 0157:h7
|
|
|
undercooked beef can be the carrier of what disease?
|
e coli 0157:h7
|
|
|
salmonella is caused by what two things?
|
c diff and vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
food, chicken can be carriers of what disease?
|
salmonella
|
|
|
antibiotic-associate colitis and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause
|
c. diff salmonella
|
|
|
water contamination and water loss are characteristics of what disease?
|
vibrio cholerae salmonella
|
|
|
food intoxication/poisoning is thought of as
|
intoxication vs. infection
|
|
|
food poisoning is caused by what three bacteria?
|
s aureus, b cereus, c pefringens
|
|
|
s aureus food poisoning is contracted by
|
mishandling food items, high salt presence
|
|
|
b cereus food poisoning is contracted by
|
chinese food, usually rice that's been kept warm
|
|
|
c perfringens food poisoning is contracted by
|
meat, fish, beans
|
|
|
helminthic intestinal infections are all called
|
eosinophilia
|
|
|
eosinophilia adaptations include
|
special mouth parts for attaching,
enzymes to penetrate tissue, coverings to protect from host defenses |
|
|
eosinophiliacs contain organs simply to
|
get food, process it, move and reproduce
|
|
|
pinworms are caused by
|
enterobius vermicularis
|
|
|
the most common worm is the
|
pinworm
|
|
|
worms that live in the rectum and cause anal itching are
|
pinworms/e. vermicularis
|
|
|
eggs deposited on anus and can be detected by sticking scotch tape to anal skin are from
|
pinworms
|
|
|
hookworm is called
|
necator
|
|
|
these small worms take continual blood meals
|
hookworm
|
|
|
these worms are contracted via
|
food wounds
|
|
|
chronic bleeding, bloody stool, n/v, weakness are characteristics of
|
hookworm infection
|
|
|
hookworm infection is processed this way
|
reaches lymph/blood
flows to heart/lungs goes up thru trachea & bronchi to throat swallowed to get to intestines |
|
|
process thru blood/lymph -- lungs/heart -- trachea/throat -- stomach/intestines
|
hookworms
|
|
|
thrichinosis is caused by
|
trichinella
|
|
|
animal responsible for trichina worm
|
pig, rat, bear
|
|
|
trichinosis is contracted by what vector?
|
trichina worm
|
|
|
UTI is caused by what bacteria?
|
e coli, klebsiella sp pseudomonas, s saprophyticus
|
|
|
these bacteria enter urethra and go up to cause
|
UTI
|
|
|
pain and urination frequency are characteristics of
|
UTI
|
|
|
cranberry juice treats UTI by
|
making acidic environment where bacteria can not attach
|
|
|
bacterial vaginosis is caused by
|
overgrowth of flora and gardnerella, decrease in lactobacilli
|
|
|
fishy smell and PID are characteristics of
|
bacterial vaginosis
|
|
|
after surgery, there is an increased chance for women to contract
|
PID
|
|
|
Bact vaginosis increases risk of getting
|
STDs, PID
|
|
|
STDs affect ____ mil ppl each year
|
12 million
|
|
|
it is more serious for _____ to have STDs
|
women
|
|
|
STDs for women are more difficult to ______ and easier to ________
|
detect, transmit
|
|
|
infertility, cancer, fetal death, birth defects are characteristics of
|
STDs in women
|
|
|
chlamydia is caused by
|
chlamydia thromatis
|
|
|
lymphogranuloma venereum is a complication of what disease?
|
chlamydia
|
|
|
a complication of chlamydia is
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
few weeks after exposure to this, sores appear, fever and then they heal
|
chlamydia
|
|
|
genital sores, lymph swelling and ulcers are characteristics of
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
genital warts are caused by what?
|
human papilloma virus (HPV)
|
|
|
there are 100 strains of this, 10 are cancer causing and there is no cure for
|
HVP, genital warts
|
|
|
treatment/prevention of genital warts/HPV:
|
HPV vaccine: Gardasil
|
|
|
gonorrhea is caused by what?
|
neisseria gonnorhoeae
|
|
|
the clap and green/yellow discharge are characteristic of what disease?
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
this disease causes epididymytis in men
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
more men than women are infected with this disease
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
genital herpes is caused by the
|
herpex simplex virus
|
|
|
one in four americans have this disease
|
HSV; genital herpes
|
|
|
two types of herpes
|
HSV I and HSV II
|
|
|
HSV I is specific to
|
oral/genital
|
|
|
HSV II is specific to
|
genital
|
|
|
genital blisters/open sores are characteristics of
|
genital herpes
|
|
|
this disease causes neonatal body/brain infections and blindness
|
HSV, genital herpes
|
|
|
syphyllis is caused by
|
treponema pallidum
|
|
|
treponema pallidum, the syphyillis culprit, is a
|
spirochete
|
|
|
syphyllis is contracted via what routes?
|
vaginal and oral
|
|
|
this is a 3-stage disease, being treatable in stages 1 & 2
|
syphyllis
|
|
|
chancre sores that can vary in size but mostly painless but very infectious, clearing after 2-6 weeks are part of this stage of syphillis
|
stage 1
|
|
|
6-8 weeks after chancres, rash forms somewhere on body with aches, fever, swollen glands, hair loss and weight loss; infectious but clears up are part of this stage of syphillis
|
stage 2
|
|
|
after 5-40 yrs of latency, internal and heart damage occur; neuro damage likely, loss of coordination/paralysis/dementia; gumata (gummy tumors) grow internally, sometimes causing organ damage are part of this stage of syphillis
|
stage 3
|
|
|
which stages of syphillis are treatable?
|
1 and 2
|
