Diseases And Disorders Of The Eye

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disease

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abnormal function of a body part or system due to hereditary, infection, dietary, environmental, or other causes and characterized by a certain set of signs and symptoms

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diabetes mellitus

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a disorder of metabolism resulting from insufficient or absent insulin production from the pancreas; may also be due to insulin resistance.

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degenerative

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refers to any process in which the structure or function of body tissues gradually deteriorates.

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cells

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the primary building blocks of biologic tissue

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chronic

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refers to a condition that has persisted for some time.

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congenital

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refers to any disease process or effect that is present from birth

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cushing's disease

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the disease complex caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal hormone cortisol. predominantly known as hypercortisolism or cushing's syndrome.

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acute

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condition that flares up suddenly and persists for only a short time.

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antibody

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a chemical substance that the body manufactures to neutralize an infecting microorganism, toxin, or foreign agent.

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allergic reaction

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a condition in which the body produces antibodies to foreign materials such as food plant pollens, or medications.

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etiology

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the study of the causes of a disease; informally the causes themselves.

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hypoxia

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a loss of oxygen

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hormones

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regulating substances produced by various endocrine glands and transported by the blood to targeted organs to initiate a specific reaction or effect.

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hyperthyroidism

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the disease complex caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone.

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inflammation

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a local protective tissue response to infection, injury, or irritation in which specialized cells move to the affected area, characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the inflamed area.

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immune reaction

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the body's response to infection, in which antibodies are manufactured to neutralize the infecting microorganism and perhaps prevent recurrence of the infection.

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insulin

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a hormone of the body that regulates sugar metabolism.

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ischemia

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a condition in which the supply of blood to part of the body is severely reduced.

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metabolism

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the physical and chemical processes by which the body converts food into energy and new body tissues.

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microorganism

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an extremely small life from invisible to the unaided eye

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malignant

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term used to describe a condition which tends to become worse and to cause severe problems or death. malignant myopia refers to an unusually severe myopia which causes other progressive problems; a malignant skin lesion is one that is cancerous with the potential to spread.

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neoplasm

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a new growth of different or abnormal tissue such as a tumor or wart.

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occluded

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totally obstructed or blocked

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pathologic

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abnormal or diseased

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genetic

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trait that is is inherited from either or both parents.

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APD
afferent pupillary defect
or
Marcus Gunn pupil

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in the nervous system the afferent pathways conduct impulses from an organ to the brain. in bright light defects in the afferent pupil pathway result in pupil dilation instead of constriction. the swinging light test is done to evaluate this response or defect along the afferent eye to mid brain pathway.

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BAT
brightness acuity test

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provides objective functional acuity in 3 common lighting conditions.

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C/D
cup to disc

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compares the diameter of the cup potion of the optic disc with the total diameter of the optic disc. a good analogy to better understand the cup to disc ratio is the ratio of a donut hole to a donut. the hole represents the cup and the surrounding area the disc. if the cup fills 1/10 of the disc, the ratio will be 0.1. if it fills 7/10 of the disc the ratio is 0.7 a large cup to disc ratio may imply glaucoma or other pathology.

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COAG
chronic open angel glaucoma

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most common type of glaucoma caused by gradual blockage of aqueous outflow from the eye despite an aparently open anterior chamber angle.

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TPPV
trans pars plana vitrectomy

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ia a procedure to remove vitreous opacities and membranes through a pars plana incision. it is frequently combined with other intraocular procedures for the treatment of giant retinal tears teactional retinal detachments and posterior vitreous detachments. the pars plana is part of the uvea choroid one of the three layers that comprise the eye. it is about 4 mm long and located near the point where the iris and schera touch.

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trauma

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physicla injury to body tissue from various causes including force toxins or temperature extremes.

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toxin

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poison

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thermal trauma

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injury that results in the burning or freezing of tissues

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chemical trauma

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injury caused by a chemical such as an acid or an alkali.

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symptom

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a subjective abnormality that can not be directly observed by another person but only perceived by the patient; examples include pain , blurred vision, or itching.

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sign

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an abnormal change observed objectively by the physician on examination of the patient.

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syndrome

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a set of sings or symptoms that is characteristic of a specific conditon or disease.

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presbyopia

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the progrssive loss of the accommodative ability of the lens due to natural processes of aging.

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pseudophakia

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the use if an untraocular lens to correct the vision of an aphakic patient,

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aphakia

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the absence of the crystalline lens usually because of cataract extraction

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aphakic correction

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the use of a contact lens, eyeglasses or an intraocular lens to improve visual acuity in aphakic patients.

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cataract

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an opacified or clouded lens

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endophthalmitis

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a serious inflammation of the intraocular tisses including the vitreous; may be due to bacterial or fungal infection , allergy or chemical toxicity.

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floaters

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small particles of dead cells or other debris that become suspended in the vitreous itself that degenerate in the normal aging process; they cast shadows on the retina and appear as spots or cobwebs.

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vitrectomy

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the surgical removal of some or most of the vitreous. this can be accomplished by an anterior or posterior surgical approach.