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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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causes of dwarfism
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HYPOFUNCTION-ANTERIOR LOBE-Dwarfism is mainly associated with certain genetic disorders such as achondroplasia, Turner syndrome and growth hormone deficiency. In most cases, it results from a random genetic mutation. In about 80% cases of achondroplasia, a person is born to parents of average height. He/she receives one normal copy of gene and one mutated copy of gene, related to the disorder. Turner syndrome results from a random deletion of severe alteration of X chromosome, either in egg or sperm. A deficiency of growth hormone can also lead to dwarfism. It is likely to be associated with genetic mutation. Poor nutrition and hormonal imbalance are other causes of dwarfism.
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symptoms of dwarfism
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There are more than 200 various medical conditions associated with dwarfism. Therefore, symptoms of dwarfism may vary according to the spectrum of disorders. Generally dwarfism is categorized as disproportionate dwarfism and proportionate dwarfism. In case of disproportionate dwarfism, the body size is not in proper proportion. Some body parts are small, while others are normal or above size. In proportionate dwarfism, the size of whole body is smaller than average, but all body parts are small to the same degree
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gigantism function-hyper or hypo
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hyperfunction-anterior pituitary gland
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gigantism disease
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Gigantism is abnormally large growth due to an excess of growth hormone during childhood, before the bone growth plates have closed.
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gigantism causes
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The most common cause of too much growth hormone release is a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the pituitary gland. Other causes include:
Carney complex McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) Neurofibromatosis If excess growth hormone occurs after normal bone growth has stopped, the condition is known as acromegaly. Gigantism is very rare. . |
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gigantism symptoms
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The child will grow in height, as well as in the muscles and organs. This excessive growth makes the child extremely large for his or her age.
Other symptoms include: Delayed puberty Double vision or difficulty with side (peripheral) vision Frontal bossing and a prominent jaw Headache Increased sweating Irregular periods (menstruation) Large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes Release of breast milk Thickening of the facial features Weakness . |
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acromegaly disease
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Acromegaly is a chronic metabolic disorder in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues gradually enlarge.
Somatotroph adenoma; Growth hormone excess; Pituitary giant; Gigantism |
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acromegaly causes
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Acromegaly occurs in about 6 of every 100,000 adults. It is caused by abnormal production of growth hormone after the skeleton and other organs finish growing.
Excessive production of growth hormone in children causes gigantism rather than acromegaly. The cause of the increased growth hormone release is usually a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, which is located just below the brain, controls the production and release of several different hormones, including growth hormone. |
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acromegaly symptoms
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•Body odor
•Carpal tunnel syndrome •Decreased muscle strength (weakness) •Easy fatigue •Enlarged bones of the face •Enlarged feet •Enlarged hands •Enlarged glands in the skin (sebaceous glands) •Enlarged jaw (prognathism) and tongue •Excessive height (when excess growth hormone production begins in childhood) •Excessive sweating •Headache •Hoarseness •Joint pain •Limited joint movement •Sleep apnea •Swelling of the bony areas around a joint •Thickening of the skin, skin tags •Widely spaced teeth •Widened fingers or toes due to skin overgrowth with swelling, redness, and pain Other symptoms that may occur with this disease: •Excess hair growth in females •Weight gain (unintentional) |
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acromegaly hyper or hyper and which gland
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hyper-pituitary gland
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diabetes insipidus hyper or hypo and which gland
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hypo-posterior lobe
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diabetes insipidus disease
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Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a disorder in which there is an abnormal increase in urine output, fluid intake and often thirst. It causes symptoms such as urinary frequency, nocturia (frequent awakening at night to urinate) or enuresis (involuntary urination during sleep or "bedwetting"). Urine output is increased because it is not concentrated normally. Consequently, instead of being a yellow color, the urine is pale, colorless or watery in appearance and the measured concentration (osmolality or specific gravity) is low.
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diabetes insipidus symptoms
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Increased thirst
Increased drinking Increased urination Variable Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus Bed-wetting Getting up at night to urinate The Universal and Variable Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus occur: in the absence of high blood and/or urine sugar are sometimes associated with various other symptoms due to concomitant damage to other hormones or organs. |
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diabetes insipidus causes
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Diabetes insipidus occurs when your body can't regulate how it handles fluids. Normally, your kidneys remove excess body fluids from your bloodstream. This fluid waste is temporarily stored in your bladder as urine, before you urinate. When your fluid regulation system is working properly, your kidneys make less urine when your body water is decreased, such as through perspiration, to conserve fluid.
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simple goiter
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deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency because no thyroid hormones inhibit pituitary release of TSH, thyroid is overstimulated and enlarges but functions below normal. (hypothyroidism)
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hyperglycemia
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The medical term used for high blood glucose (sugar) is hyperglycemia that happens when the body has too little, or not enough insulin or is not able to use the insulin properly.
If the blood sugar level is higher than 200 mg/dL then it may indicate hyperglycemia. |
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causes of hyperglycemia
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Some of the factors that cause hyperglycemia are:
•Eating more food than is mentioned in your planned diet •Uncontrolled diabetes •Taking less of the oral agent or insulin than required •Emotional stress (workplace challenges or family conflicts) •Exercising less than required/planned •Certain medications •Physical stress (cold, flu or infection) •Surgery •Injury |
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symptoms of hyperglycemia
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High blood sugar has only a few or no symptoms are all. The common symptoms are:
•Frequency in urination •Thirst •Dry mouth •Urination at night •Drowsiness or fatigue •Loss of weight •Increase in appetite •Slow healing of wounds •Blurriness in vision •Dry and itchy skin |
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hypoglycemia disease
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Hypoglycemia is the clinical syndrome that results from low blood sugar. The symptoms of hypoglycemia can vary from person to person, as can the severity. Classically, hypoglycemia is diagnosed by a low blood sugar with symptoms that resolve when the sugar level returns to the normal range.
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hypoglycemia causes
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Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low. There are several reasons why this may happen, the most common being a side effect of drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. But to understand how hypoglycemia happens, it helps to know how your body normally regulates blood sugar production, absorption and storage.
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hypoglycemia symptoms
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Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as
•hunger •shakiness •nervousness •sweating •dizziness or light-headedness •sleepiness •confusion •difficulty speaking •anxiety •weakness Hypoglycemia can also happen during sleep. Some signs of hypoglycemia during sleep include •crying out or having nightmares •finding pajamas or sheets damp from perspiration •feeling tired, irritable, or confused after waking up |
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hypocalcaemia
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parathyroid disorder-blood calcium ion concentration drops, the nervous systembecomes abnomally excitable, and impulses may be triggered spontaneously. as a results tetanic contractions and person may suffocate.
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hypercalcemia
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parathyroid disorder-an abnormally high concentration of blood calcium ions depresses the nervous system. Muscle contractions are weak, and reflexes area slugglish.
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diabetes mellitus 1
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term medical attention both to limit the development of its devastating complications and to manage them when they do occur. Type 1 diabetes mellitus can occur at any age and is characterized by the marked and progressive inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin because of autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. It commonly occurs in children, with a fairly abrupt onset; however, newer antibody tests have allowed for the identification of more people with a slower onset adult form of type 1 diabetes mellitus called latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA).2 The distinguishing characteristic of a patient with type 1 diabetes is that, if his or her insulin is withdrawn, ketosis and eventually ketoacidosis develop. Therefore, these patients are dependent on exogenous insulin.
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diabetes mellitus 2
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is discussed in Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - A Review. A variety of other types of diabetes, previously called secondary diabetes, are caused by other illnesses or medications. Depending on the primary process involved (eg, destruction of pancreatic beta cells or development of peripheral insulin resistance), these types of diabetes behave similarly to type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The most common are diseases of the pancreas that destroy the pancreatic beta cells (eg, hemochromatosis, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer), hormonal syndromes that interfere with insulin secretion (eg, pheochromocytoma) or cause peripheral insulin resistance (eg, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma), and diabetes induced by drugs (eg, phenytoin, glucocorticoids, estrogens).
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