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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Nervous System
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1. Sensory Functions
2. Integrative functions 3. Motor functions |
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What makes up the Cerebrum?
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Cerebral hemispheres and Diencephalon
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Embryological name for cerebral hemispheres
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Telencephalon
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What structures make up the cerebrum
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1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal Lobe 4. Occipital Lobe 5. Limbic lobe 6. Basal ganglia 7. Internal capsule 8. Lateral ventricles |
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What is the function of the frontal lobe
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Voluntary Motor cortex
Personality Social mores personal space |
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What is the function of the parietal lobe
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Sensory Cortex
Storage for cognition |
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What is the function of the temporal lobe
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Auditory Cortex
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What is the function of the Occipital lobe
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Visual cortex
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What is the function of the limbic lobe
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Memory and emotion
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What structures make up the basal ganglia
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1. caudate
2. Putamen 3. Globus pallidus |
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What is the function of the internal capsule
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Contains the tracts that connects the cerebral cortex with subcortical structures
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What structures is contained in the Diencephalon
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1. Ephitalamus
2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus 4. Subthalamus 5. Third ventricle |
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What is the function of the Epithalamus
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Visceral responses/emotional changes
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What is the function of the Thalamus
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Sensory and motor relay station
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What is the function of the Hypothalamus
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Role is with the ANS
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What is the function of the Subthalamus
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Motor Nuclei
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What is the function of the Cerebellum
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Concerned with the timing and sequencing of movement, balance, tone, and motor learning
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What structure makes up the brainstem
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1. Midbrain
2. Pons 3. Medula |
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What is the function of the midbrain
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1. eye control
2. relay of auditory and visual info 3. contains structures for motor control (substantia nigra and red nucleus) |
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What structures are for motor control
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Substantia nigra and red nucleus
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What is the function of the pons
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1. transmit neural info
2. process cranial nerve info 3. control respiratory rhythm and consciousness |
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What is the function of the Medulla
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1. transmission of neural info
2. cranial nerve nuclei 3. control of cardiovascular and respiratory functions |
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At what spinal level do spinal taps occurs
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Also lumbar taps
Occurs below L4/L5 |
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What are the structures of the CNS
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are the structures of the PNS
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12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated structures.
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What are the structures of the Autonomic Nervous System
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Preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
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What is the purpose of the Autonomic Nervous system?
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To maintain homeostasis through vegetative and visceral functions
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What is the function of the amygdala and hippocampus
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Memory and emotion in conjunction with the limbic lob
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What structure make up the Spinal cord
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spinal segments reflected by paired spinal nerves.
Has grey matter and white matter |
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What is the function of the grey matter in the spinal cord
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contains the cell bodies and dendrites of spinal neurons. Closest to the central canal
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What is the function of the white matter in the spinal cord
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Consists of axons arranged in column that carry information in both directions through the spinal cord
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What are the 5 stages of the normal Nervous System Development
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1. Neurulation
2. Cell proliferation within neural tube 3. Migration and aggregation of cells within definitive locations 4. Formation of axonal and dendritic processes 5. Formation of connections between nerve to nerve or nerve to muscle |
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What is Step 1 of the Normal Development of the Nervous System
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Neurolation: formation of the neural crest and neural tube
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During Neurolation, what is the embryo called?
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Gastrula
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What are the 3 layer of cells within the gastrula
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Ectoderm
Mesoderm Endoderm |
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What layer of cells within the gastrula is the entire nervous system derived from?
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The ectoderm
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What starts the process of creating the ectoderm
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The presence of mesodermal structure call the notochord
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What forms the neural tube
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The fusion of the edges of the neural groove
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What forms the neural groove
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The depression between the margins of the neural plate
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What embryologic part develops into the entire CNS
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The neural tube
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What does the cavity within the neural tube develop into
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The ventricular system
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What is the neural crest
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Differentiation of cells that occur at the lateral edge of the fold of the neural tube
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What does the neural crest develop into
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most of the PNS: dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerve ganglia, autonomic ganglia, and Schwann cells
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What are the openings of the neural tube called?
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Anterior and Posterior neuropores
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Failure of the posterior neuropore to close results in what pathology
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Spina Bifida (spinal dysraphism)
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What are the 4 categories of spina bifida
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1. spina bifida occulta
2. meningocele 3. myelocele 4. Myelomeningocele |
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What is Spina bifida occulta
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bony defect, no neural involvement
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What is meningocele
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A sac protrudes from spinal cord and has meninges in it
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What is myelocele
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Spinal cord protusion (no skin over it)
Hydroencephallus |
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What is myelomeningocele
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Sac containing both meninges and spinal cord
Hydroencephallus |
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Failure of the anterior neurophore to close results in what pathology
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Anencephaly
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What is anencephaly
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Portions of the braid do not develop because the anterior neurophore fails to close
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What are the 3 primary vesicles that form from the neural tube
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Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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What are the 2 subdivisions of the Prosencephalon
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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What are the 6 Derivates of the Proencephalon
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Rhinoencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus Optic Nerves Neurohypophysis Pineal gland |
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What are the 2 cavities of the Prosencephalon
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Lateral and 3rd ventricles
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What is the subdivision of the mesencephalon
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mesencephalon
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What is the derivates of the mesencephalon
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Midbrain
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What is the Cavity of the mesencephalon
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Cerebral aquaduct
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What is the 2 Subdivision of the Rhombencephalon
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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
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What are the 3 derivates of the Rhombencephalon
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Cerebellum
Pon Medulla |
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What is the Cavity of the Rhombenephalon
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Fourth Ventricle
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What is the Derivates of the subdivision metencephalon
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Cerebellum and pons
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What is the derivates of the subdivision Myelencephalon
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Medulla
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What 2 subdivisions develop from the Prrimitive neural tube
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Neural tube
Neural crest |
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What derivates does the neural tube develop into
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Spinal cord
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What derivates does the neural crest develop into
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peripheral nerve ganglia
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What cavity is located in the spinal cord
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Central canal
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What is the first flexure of the brain and what does it divide
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Cephalic flexure. Divides the brain and the brainstem
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What is the 2nd flexure of the brain and what does it divide
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Cervical flexure. Junction of the spinal cord to the brain
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Pontine Flexure
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Found on dorsum and is the site for cerebellum
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What are the terminal ends of the spinal cord
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Cauda equina and filum terminale
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Sulcus limitans
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Seen during cell proliferation within the neural tube.
Divides the tube into ventral and dorsal portions |
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Alar plate
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Dorsal portion of the neural tube.
Future site for sensory neurons and tracts--> Afferent |
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Basal plate
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Ventral portion of the neural tube.
Future site primarily for motor system development -->Efferent |
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What are the neural tube divisions (layers) following closure of neurophores
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1. Germinal (Ependymal) layer
2. Intermediate (Mantle) layer 3. Marginal layer |
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What is the Germinal (Ependymal) layer
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Inner layer.
Lining of the central canal and ventricles Develop cilia |
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What is the Intermediate (Mantle) layer
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Mainly cell bodies = gray matter of the spinal cord
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What is the Marginal Layer
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Outermost layer.
Contains processess from cell bodies of the mantle = white matter |
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How are the neural tube layers arranged in the brain
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1. Germinal (Ependymal) layer
2. Marginal Layer = white matter 3. Intermediate (mantle) layer = gray matter of spinal cord |
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What is the neural tube layers arranged in the spinal cord
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1. Germinal (Ependymal) layer
2. Intermediate (mantle) layer = gray matter of spinal cord 3. Marginal Layer = white matter |
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Neurons in the brain, once damaged, can it divide and regenerate?
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No- they are terminal neurons.
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How does the brain increase in weight and size
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1. growth of dendrites
2. growth of axons 3. vascularization 4. myelination 5. development of synapses |
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At what ages does the brain double in size
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1. First 2 years of life (age 2)
2. Next 18 years of life (age 20) |
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What are the 2 patterns of migration of postmitotic cells
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Radial Migration
Tangential Migration |
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Radial Migration
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Occurs from spinal cord through telencephalon.
Active migration requires Radial Glia cells. Neuroblast cells move outward and inward through the marginal layer |
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Tangential Migration
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Occurs mostly within brainstem.
Occurs late in the migration process Glial cell srun olbique or parallel to neural tube and neuroblast use existing axons to reach destination |
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Defects of Migration
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Dyslexia
Lissencephaly Microencephaly Macrogyria |
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Dyslexia
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Defect of migration
Mal alignment of lobes |
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Lissencephaly
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Defect of migration
"Smooth" brain Motor and mental retardation |
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Microencephaly
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Defect of migration
Small brain Mental retardation |
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Macrogyria
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Defect of migration
Some folding but fewer gyri |
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What occurs during cell differentiation
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Formation of axonal and dendritic processes
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Order of Development of Cranial Nerves
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Trigeminal
Facial Glossopharangeal Accessory Vagus Hypoglossal Optic Occulomotor Trochlear Abducens Vestibulocochlear Ofactory |
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Order of development for Trigeminal n
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First to develop
Sensory to face and muscles of mastication |
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Order of development for Facial n
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2nd to develop
motor to face |
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Order of development for Glossopharangeal n
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third to develop
motor to swallowing muscles |
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Order of development for Hypoglossal n
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4th to develop
motor to tongue |
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Order of development for Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens
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5th to develop
Visual system |
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Order of development for Vestibulocochlear
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6th to develop
balance/hearing |
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Order of development for Olfactory n.
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7th to develop = last
Smell |
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What is the last stage of neural development for nervous system
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Connections between cells = SYNAPTOGENESIS
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