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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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functions of muscular system |
1. site of energy storage and utilization 2. maintain posture 3. stabilize joints 4. generate heat 5. Produce force |
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Muscle Actions |
1. flexion: bending with decrease in angle 2. extension: straightening with increase in angle 3. adduction: bringing limb closer to midline 4. abduction: bringing limb farther from midline 5. supination: rotation of forearm with palm up 6. pronation: rotation of forearm with palm down 7. rotation: movement around central axis 8. circumduction: movement of limb in a circle |
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Muscle Contractions |
1. Static/Isometric: no movement 2. Dynamic: muscle contraction with movement -Eccentric: lengthening -Concentric: shortening 3. Isokinetic: speed of motion stays the same |
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Sheaths of Muscles |
1. Muscle is covered in epimysium 2. Fascicules are covered in perimysium 3. fibers are covered in endomysium |
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Muscle Structure |
Tendon -> Muscle -> Fascicles -> Muscle Fibers -> myofibrils -> sarcomere -> myofilaments -> myosin and action |
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Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction |
1. force is generated as actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments 2. the lengths of filaments do not change during contraction 3. the length of the sarcomere decreases as the myosin filaments pull the Z discs together |
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Hyperplasia |
the increase in the number of cells |
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Hypertrophy |
the increase in the size of cells |
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Type 1 Muscle Fibers |
1. Slow-twitch 2. first recruited for any activity 3. slow to fatigue 4. smaller and produce less force 5. appear darker under microscope 6. Uses glycolysis |
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Type 2 Muscle Fibers |
1. Fast-twitch 2. recruited after slow-twitch fibers 3. larger and generate force quickly 4. fatigable 5. appear white in color 6. Uses oxidative phosphorylation |
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Motor Unit |
the neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates -ratio of muscle fibers to motor neurons affects the precision of movement -All-or-None Law: a motor unit is either activated completely or is not activated at all -Motor unit recruitment is determined by the intensity of the activity |
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Structures of neurons and function |
1. Cell Body: cell maintenance 2. Dendrites: receive and conduct impulses toward cell body 3. Axon: carries impulses away from the cell body -myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells 4. Axon Terminals 6. Synapse: contact points between neurons where information transfer takes place |
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Divisions of the brain |
1. Forebrain: composed of cerebrum and diencephalon 2. Brainstem: consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata 3. Cerebellum |
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Sensory (afferent) Neurons |
transmits signal from peripheral organ to CNS |
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Motor (efferent) Neurons |
transmits signal from CNS to peripheral muscle/organ |
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Somatosensory cortex |
receives information (pain, temperature, touch, and vibration) from receptors in the skin -located in parietal lobe |
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auditory cortex function |
receives sensory information about sound; receives impulses from inner ear receptors -located temporal lobe |
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visual cortex functions |
receives sensory information about vision -located in occipital lobe |
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Broca's Area |
important for generating words -damage to this area results in a person understanding words but not being able to generate them |
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Wernicke's Area |
important for hearing and understanding words -damage to this area results in a person adding inappropriate words or phrases to speech |
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Sympathetic |
Fight or flight -activates when exercise is needed |
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Parasympathetic |
Rest and digest -normal everyday system |
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Sarcopenia |
age related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function -decline in quantity and quality of muscle mass |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
1. its a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system; damage to myelin sheath which prevents movements -may cause numerous physical and mental symptoms and often progresses to physical and cognitive disability |
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Types of Multiple Sclerosis |
1. Relapsing-Remitting 2. Secondary Progressive 3. Primary-Progressive 4. Progressive-Relapsing ***know graphs |
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types of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
1. Sporadic 2. Familial 3. Guamanian ALS |
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Characteristics of Alzheimers |
a progressive and fatal brain disease that destroys brain cells (neurons) -causes memory loss, problems with thinking and behavior, and impairment in performing everyday activities -plaques and tangles
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Characteristics of Parkinsons |
a motor system disorder resulting from the loss of neurons which produce the neurotransmitter dopamine -affects motor output (movements and coordination) -symptoms typically onset and progress slowly |
