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34 Cards in this Set
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PREHISTORIC Naturalapproaches to disease |
–Herbal remedies andpractical treatments used when an illness had obvious causes –Healingherbs / honey and herb drink |
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PREHISTORIC Supernatural approaches to disease |
–Evilspirits or godswere blamed forillnesses that had no natural causes –Charms were used to ward off spirits aswell as chants and spiritual rituals |
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EGYPTIAN Natural Approaches |
–Healers:masterphysicians,doctors –Treatments:medicinesmade from natural ingredients such as red ochre, malachite and honey –Bleeding patients or makingthem vomit toempty their bowels |
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EGYPTIAN
Supernatural Approaches |
–Healers:priestmagicians,gods and goddesses –Treatments:charm to protectfrom evil spirits madefrom ‘evil smelling’ herbs and garlic |
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EGYPTIAN
Blocked Channels Theory |
–Lotsof channels tookblood, air and water around the body from the heart–Diseasecaused by undigestedfood rotting in the bowels–Thegases let off from this would cause blockages inthe channels, making people feel ill
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EGYPTIAN
Why did the Blocked Channels theory develop? |
Thetheory developed in Ancient Egypt because the idea came from farming:•Egyptiandoctors thought that crops and people had a lot in common
•Peoplemade sure their crops got plenty of water by digging irrigation channels fromthe river Nile to their fields •Ifthe channels became blocked, the crops would not get enough water and die |
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GREEK Natural Approaches |
–Curedby healers or doctors
–Four Humours theory: •Developedby Hippocrates •Thehumours: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm •Whenthe humours are balanced, you are healthy –Seasons are connected to the humours forexample cold, moist symptoms (cold, runny nose) are linked to the cold, moistseason, winter –Treatmentswould aim to get rid of the excess humour by bleeding and purging,however lots of rest and exercise werealso recommended as treatments –Hippocratesalso stressed the importance of clinical observationofpatients |
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GREEK
Supernatural Approaches |
–Curedby the Greekgod of healing (Asclepius) and skilled healing priests
–Asclepiontemples: •Whereyou would go to be cured •Itwould be very large, like a modern health resort.Patients would be encouraged to take exercise and cleanse in the baths. •Patientsateregular meals andhad plentyof rest •Healerswould make offerings to Asclepius and the temple priest would tell everyone tosleep. Asclepiuswould visit and heal the patients, for example to cure blindness,Asclepius would get his snakes to lick their eyelids •Beforeyou went home you would have to carve a thanksgiving offering |
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ROMAN Natural and Supernatural ideas |
•ManyRomans based their ideas on Greek natural theories,and the Romans did have a large number of practical remedies for disease•Likethe Greeks, many ordinary Romans with severe chronic diseases stillturned to the Gods for a cure
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ROMAN
Galen's Theory of Opposites |
–Galenwas a very famous Roman anatomist
–Headvocated the healing power of nature andthe use ofopposites, forexample hot pepper to cure a cold and cool cucumber to cure a fever |
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MIDDLE AGES The Fall of the Roman Empire & the Church |
•Fromabout AD 400, theRoman Empire began to fall to northern tribes whodestroyed books and libraries, so lots of medical knowledge was lost fora long time•Christianitysurvived the fall of the Roman Empire and throughout the Middle Ages the RomanCatholic Church was very powerful•TheRoman Catholic Church was afraid that new ideas might challenge their power sothey were not approved •The Churchcontrolled education andbelieved new ideas challenged the Bible •Thismeant that medicinereverted back to supernatural methods as people were not educated about naturalmethods |
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THE BLACK DEATH - 1348 Natural Theories |
–The Four Humours •Causedby an imbalancein the humours •Treatedusing Galen’s opposites theory –Common Sense Reasons •Comesfrom a privy toilet next to a chamber, dead flesh or standing water in ditches •Treatedby cleaningthe towns tocleanse them from odours |
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THE BLACK DEATH - 1348 Supernatural Theories |
–God, Devil or Sin •Godwas punishingthe English forwearing outrageous fashions and committing adultery •Treatedby walking through the streets whipping yourself to show God you had repentedyour sins –Astrological Reasons •Starsand planets affected peoples’ bodies because both were made of the same fourelements:earth, air, fire and water |
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THE BLACK DEATH - 1348 Desperate Explanations |
•Minority groups were blamed (inmany countries it was Jewish people) •It was acceptedthat there was no cure, as you can’t stop death |
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MIDDLE AGES Ways in which the Church helped medicine |
–TheChurch approvedof Galen becausehis ideas did not challenge the Bible –TheChurch grantedlicenses to universitiesso they could teach medicine –Monkstranslated theworks of Hippocrates and Galen into Latin so they could be used in universities –Hospitals were kept very clean, andthere were plenty of doctors and nurses on hand |
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MIDDLE AGES Ways in which the Church held back medicine |
–God was blamed foreverything –Ifyou developed a new medical idea thatchallenged the Church you would be sent to prison –Monasteriesstrictlycontrolled education andthe spread of knowledge –Itwas forbidden to dissect bodies –Lepers,lunatics, pregnant women and suckling infants could not be treated at thehospital |
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MIDDLE AGES: THE ISLAMIC WORLD Care of the sick |
–Islamtaught people to care for the sick –Arab hospitals werefamous for the care they gave patients –Thefirst Arab hospital was founded in Baghdad around 805, and by the 1100s everylarge town had a hospital –Thesehospitals provided medical care and prayers for the sick |
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MIDDLE AGES: THE ISLAMIC WORLD Preserving Knowledge |
–The8th century was a period of great wealth inthe Islamic Empire –Arabrulers believed it was important to develop education –ManyGreek medical books were translated into Arabic by Islamic scholars |
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MIDDLE AGES: THE ISLAMIC WORLD Medical Libraries |
–Librariesin Baghdad and other cities built up excellent collections of medical books –Thecity of Baghdad was the main centre for collecting and translating medicaltexts –Withoutthese translations, the books by Galen and others could have been lost in theEuropean wars |
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MIDDLE AGES: THE ISLAMIC WORLD Important Doctors |
–Rhazes (Al-Razi) •Wroteover 200 books, including the ‘Al-Hawi’ (The Comprehensive Book) –Ibn Sina (Avicenna) •Wrotethe ‘Canonof Medicine’,which was used to teach European physicians until the 1600s |
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THE RENAISSANCE Treatments |
•Allnaturaltreatments wereused –Duringthe plague, the treatment was to draw poison from the body with a chicken, wrapthem in woolenclothes, make them sweat and smoke more tobacco |
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THE RENAISSANCE Paracelsus |
–Atown doctor and professor of medicine in Basel, Switzerland –Saidillnesseswere caused by chemicals in the body and that treatments, therefore, should bebased on chemicals –Heexperimentedwithsalt, mercury and sulphur –Hesaid that Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna were completely wrong |
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MODERN INDIVIDUALS Edward Jenner |
LATE 1700s •Discoveredthe first vaccination, forsmallpox•Used cowpox bacteria to defend againstsmallpox •Carried out his experiments on an 8 yearold boy named James Phipps •He had high profile supportfrom Thomas Jefferson |
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MODERN INDIVIDUALS Louis Pasteur |
MID 1800s •Hediscovered that bacteria was making beer go sour andfixed that by heating the beer •Hewas convinced that the germs in the air weremaking the beer go sour and perhaps also causing disease •Hecarried out a series of experiments thatconvinced scientists that his germ theory was correct •He published the germ theory in 1861 •Heshowed that bacteria were causing decay-notcaused by decay as previously thought |
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What year was the germ theory published? |
1861 |
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MODERN INDIVIDUALS Robert Koch |
MID 1800s •Germandoctor who became interested in Pasteur’s work and began to study bacteriahimself •Heinvestigated anthrax, a disease affecting animals and people,and found the specific bacterium thatcaused it •Hefound a method of proving which particular bacterium was causingdisease which could then be used by other scientists •Hedeveloped a way of staining bacteria sothey could be discovered in detail |
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MODERN INDIVIDUALS Pasteur part 2 (The Return of the Vac) |
•Hereturned to rival Koch •Hefound that weakenedgerms workedas a vaccination forchicken cholera •Healso developed a vaccination for anthrax |
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What is a magic bullet? |
• achemical which could kill the bacteria without harming anything else |
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MAGIC BULLET No. 1 |
•1905– Salvarsan606 –Discoveredby Ehrlich and his assistant Hata –Attemptingto cure Syphilis –Theytested 605 compounds of arsenic before they found one that worked |
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MAGIC BULLET No. 2 |
•1932– Prontosil –Discoveredby Gerhardt Domagk –Attemptingto cure blood poisoning –Heused it on his daughter as a last resort as she had contracted blood poisoningby accident and was dying |
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MAGIC BULLET No. 3 |
•1931– The Sulphonamides –Discoveredby French researchers –Attemptingto cure scarlet fever, meningitis, gonorrhoea and pneumonia –Theyfound the active ingredient in Prontosil, a sulphonomidederived from coal tar. |
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INDUSTRIAL AND MODERN WORLD Discovery of Penicillin |
1928 •AlexanderFleming wassent to France to study soldiers wounds infected with streptococci and staphylococcibacteria •Hewent on holiday in 1928, leaving petri dishes containing the bacteria. •Hecame back and noticed that a foreign mould had killedthe bacteria onthe petri dishes •Flemingcarried out experiments with the penicillium mould but found that it was notworking on deeper infections |
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INDUSTRIAL AND MODERN WORLD Development of Penicillin |
1930s • HowardFlorey and ErnstChain readFleming’s article on penicillin and became involved •The governmentfunded them to conduct experiments to prove that the penicillin mould was killingthe bad bacteria inhumans and animals • War wasa main factor in the development of penicillin: Britain and the USA were allies andthey worked together to mass produce and distributepenicillin |
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INDUSTRIAL AND MODERN WORLD The Discovery of DNA |
1953 •Crickand Watson discoveredthe structure of DNA and showed how it passed on information fromparents to children. •Theyhad help from a team of scientists witha wide range of knowledge •Theyhad the latestand best equipment suchas X-raytechnology andimproved microscopes •Mostof the money for this very expensive project came from the government |
