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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 types of pathogen
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Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi
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How can pathogens enter the body?
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Gas-exchange system, skin, digestive system
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How do pathogens cause disease?
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Produce toxins, Damage cells
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How does the gas-exchange system prevent infection?
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Mucus in epithelium, cilia (moving mucus up and out
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State the 4 main stages of immune response
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Phagocytosis, T-cell activation, B-cell activation and plasma cell production, Antibody production
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How does a pathogen get broken down in phagocytosis?
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Lysosome fuses with vacuole, releases lysosomal enzymes
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How may T-cells respond?
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1) Killer T-Cells
2) Release substances to activate B-cells |
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What do B-cells do?
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The antibodies on their surface bind to antigens. This activates the B-cell they then divide, producing plasma cells
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What are plasma cells?
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Secrete antibodies (specific to antigen)
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What are the 3 things antibodies can do?
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Coat enabling engulfing
Coat to prevent cell invasion Bind and neutralise toxins |
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What is a cellular response?
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T-cells
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What is the humoral response?
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B-cells
Production of antibodies |
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How does the primary response later become secondary?
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Memory cells are produced (they will bind to the antigen a second time round, creating immunity)
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What happens in the secondary response?
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Memory B-cells divide into plasma cells, producing the correct antibody
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What do vaccines do to the body?
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Cause it to produce memory cells
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What might be an ethical issue related to vaccination?
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They are tested on animals first
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What is antigenic variation?
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Where a pathogen changes it's surface antigens
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Why is it possible to suffer from flu more than once?
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Because the influenza virus changes it's surface antigens, causing another primary response
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What are monoclonal antibodies?
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Antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical plasma cells
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What is the purpose of monoclonal antibodies?
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They can be used to target any antigen
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