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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glutamate
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Excitatory
Involved in normal brain functions such as cognition, memory and learning |
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Dopamine
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Inhibitory
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GABA
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Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Reduces anxiety |
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Serotonin
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Involved in mood, appetite and sensory perception
Inhibits pain pathways in the spinal cord |
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Parkinson's disease
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Degenerative disorder of the CNS caused by death of dopamine generating cells that results in an imbalance of excitatory cholinergic neurons and inhibitory dopaminergic neurons
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What does Levadopa treat?
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Parkinson's disease
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Levadopa
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Treats Parkinson's disease
Precursor to dopamine |
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Adverse effects of Levadopa
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Visual hallucinations
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What does Amantadine treat?
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Parkinson's Disease
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Amantadine
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Treats Parkinson's Disease
Dopamine receptor agonist Increases release of dopamine Blocks cholinergic receptors |
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Adverse effects of Amantadine
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Dry mouth and dry eyes
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What does Bromocriptine treat?
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Parkinson's disease
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Bromocriptine
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Treats Parkinson's disease
Dopamine agonist |
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Bromocriptine adverse effects
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Visual disturbances
Blurred vision |
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Bromocriptine drug interactions
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Erythromycin= Increases plasma levels of drug
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Alzheimer's disease
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Acquired disorder of cognitive and behavior impairment
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Alzheimer's disease physical findings
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Senile plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles Loss of cortical neurons |
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Alzheimer's disease treatment approach
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Improve cholinergic transmission within CNS
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What does Donepezil treat?
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Alzheimer's disease
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Donepezil
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Treats Alzheimer's disease
Parasympathomimetic= Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor Long durations of action |
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Donepezil ocular adverse effects
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Cataracts
Eye irritation Blurred vision |
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Donepezil drug interactions
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Central acting pain relievers
Acetaminophen and Tramadol which can increase risk of seizures |
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Anxiety physical symptoms
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Tachycardia
Sweating Trembling Palpitations (Irregular heartbeat) |
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What do Benzodiazepines treat?
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Anxiety
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Benzodiazepines
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Treat anxiety and epilepsy
Target and bind GABA receptors resulting in increased chloride transmission which leads to cell hyper polarization |
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What does Diazepam treat?
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Anxiety, epilepsy
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Diazepam
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Treats anxiety, epilepsy
Benzodiazepine |
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Diazepam drug interactions
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Central acting pain relievers cause increased confusion and dizziness
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What do Barbituates treat?
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Sedation of patients as well as anxiety
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Barbituates
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Increase GABA action on chloride entry into the neuron resulting in prolonged chloride channel opening
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What does Phenobaritol treat?
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Seizures
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Phenobaritol
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Barbiturate
Treats seizures |
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Depression symptoms
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Sadness, guilt, loss of interest in normal activities, worsening of chronic diseases, insomnia, weight gain or loss
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Treatment of depression
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Anti-depressant
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Selective Serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI)
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Blocks re-uptake of serotonin leading to increased serotonin concentrations
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Time till SSRI's show improvement
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2 weeks
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Fluoxetine
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Anti-depressant
SSRI |
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Sertraline
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Anti-depressant
SSRI |
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Citalopram
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Anti-depressant
SSRI |
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SSRI adverse effects
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Headache, dry eye
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Tricyclic antidepressants
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Block norepinephrine and serotonin re-uptake
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What do tricyclic anti-depressants treat?
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Severe depression and migraines
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Tricyclic antidepressant adverse effects
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Aggravation of narrow-angle glaucoma
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Amitriptyline
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Tricyclic antidepressant
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Imipramine
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Tricyclic antidepressant
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What does MOA treat?
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Depression
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MOA)
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Inactivates excess neurotransmitters
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MOA adverse effects
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Hypertensive crisis
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What causes MOA's adverse effect of hypertensive crisis
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Eating food containing Tyramine
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MOA drug interactions
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Cold medication
Antihistamines Pain relievers |
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Phenelzine
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MOA anti-depressant
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What does Lithium treat?
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Bipolar disorder
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Lithium adverse effects non-ocular
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Headache, dry mouth
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Lithium adverse ocular effects
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Dry eyes, photophobia, EOM abnormalities, Exophthalmos, Pseudo tumor cerebri
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Lithium drug interactions
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Oral fluoroquinolones increase risk of irregular heart rhythm
Tramadol increases risk of seizures |
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Schizophrenia symptoms
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Delusions, hallucinations, thinking and speech disturbances
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Schizophrenia treatment
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Antipsychotics
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Typical Antipsychotics
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Treat Schizophrenia
Block dopamine receptors |
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Typical antipsychotic adverse effects
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(Extrapyramidal)
Dystonia (Muscle spasm), Parkinson-like symptoms, Tardive dyskinesia (Involuntary movements of face and jaw), Oculogenic crisis |
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What is oculogenic crisis?
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Rotating of eyeballs
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What are the symptoms of oculogenic crisis?
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Restlessness, agitation, fixed stare, upward deviation of eyes
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Chlorpromazine
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Treats Schizophrenia
Typical antipsychotic |
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Adverse effects of Chlorpromazine
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Bilateral lenticular and corneal deposits
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Thioridazine
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Treats Schizophrenia
Typical antipsychotic |
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Thioridazine adverse effects
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Ocular toxicity leading to progressive chorioretinopathy
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Atypical antipsychotics
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Treat Schizophrenia
Block dopamine receptors |
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Difference between Typical and Atypical antipsychotics
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Atypical have increased risk of metabolic side effects such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and weight gain
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Atypical antipsychotic adverse effects
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(Extrapyramidal)
Dystonia, Parkinson-like symptoms, Tardive dyskinesia, Oculogenic crisis, BLURRED VISION |
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Aripiprazole
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Treats Schizophrenia
Atypical antipsychotic |
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Epilepsy symptoms and cause
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Seizures, often idiopathic
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Anti-epileptic drugs
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Block voltage gated channels which enhances inhibitory GABA by blocking the excitatory glutamate
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New vs. old anti-epieptic drugs
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Old drugs are just as effective with less adverse effects
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Benzodiazepines
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Bind to GABA inhibitory receptors, reducing their firing rate
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Diazepam adverse effects
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Blurred vision
Diplopia |
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Diazepam caution
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Patients with acute angle closure glaucoma or untreated open angle glaucoma
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What does Carbamazepine treat?
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Epilepsy
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Carbamazepine
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Treats epilepsy
Reduces abnormal action potentials by BLOCKING SODIUM CHANNELS |
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Carbamazepine adverse effects
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Diplopia, oculomotor disturbances, nystagmus, photosensitivity, blurred vision, visual hallucinations, transient diplopia, cortical lens opacities, increased IOP
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Carbamazepine drug interactions
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Clarithromycin can cause nausea, visual disturbances, dizziness and poor muscle coordination
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What does Gabapentin treat?
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Epilepsy
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Gabapentin
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Treats epilepsy
Analog of GABA |
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Gabapentin adverse effects
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Cataracts
Blurred vision Visual field defect |
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What does Phenobarbital treat?
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Status epilepsy
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Phenobarbital
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Treats epilepsy
Enhances inhibitory effect of GABA |
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What is status epilepsy?
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Brain is in a state of persistent siezure
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Phenobarbital adverse effects
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Periodic alternating nystagmus
oculogenic crisis |
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What does Phenytoin treat?
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Epilepsy
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Phenytoin
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Treats epilepsy
Sodium channel blocker by selectively binding in the inactive state |
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Phenytoin adverse effects
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Changes in color vision
Cataracts |
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What does Topiramate treat?
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Migraines
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Topiramate
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Treats epilepsy
Sodium channel blocker Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor |
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Topiramate adverse effects
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Myopia
Glaucoma (Bilateral closed angle due to choroidal effusion) |
