Discoveering Geography Midterm Exanination

Front 1

What is Geography?

Back 1

the science of place (location) and space

Front 2

What are absolute and relative locations (including the concepts of site and situation)?

Back 2

Absolute Locaions - the identification of place by a precise and acce pted system of corrdinates.
Relative Location - the position of a place or thing in relation to that of other places or things.
Site - the physical and cultural chaaracteristics and attributes of the place itself.
Situation - The external relations of the place.

Front 3

What are absolute and relative directions?

Back 3

Absolute Direction - direction with respect to cardinal points north, south, east, and west.
Relative Direction - based on culture or other directional points, such as up, down, left, right, backwards, forewards.

Front 4

What are absolte and relative distances?

Back 4

Absolute distance - the spatial separation between two points on the earth's surface measured by an accepted standard unit of length (miles or Kilometers), also called Real Distance.
Relative Distance - transforms those linear measurements into other unites more meaningful for the space relationship in questions.

Front 5

What is Tobler's First Law of Feography?

Back 5

in a spatial sense, everything is related to everything else but relationships are stronger when theings are near one another.

Front 6

What are the interrelations between places?

Back 6

1) Accessibility - how easy or difficult it is to overcome the barriers of the rime and space separation of place.
2) Connnectivily - a brounder concept implying all the tangible ways in whivh places are conected.
3)Spiatial diffustion - the process of sidpersion of an idea or a thing from a center of origin to more distance points.
4) Globalization - the increasing interconnection of more and more people and parts of the world.

Front 7

What is the definition of regions?

Back 7

earth areas that display significant elements of internal uniformity and external differences from surrounding territories

Front 8

What is a formal region?

Back 8

an area of essential uniformity regarding a single physical or cultural feature or a limited combination of physical or cultural features

Front 9

What is a functional region?

Back 9

a spatial system defined by the interactions and connections that give it a dynamic, organizational basis

Front 10

What are the fundimental themes of geography?

Back 10

Location, Description of Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Regions

Front 11

What is the difference between spatial data and non-spatial data?

Back 11

Spatial Data - data about the location, shape and relationship among geographical features, and can be linked to a map

Front 12

What is a Map?

Back 12

a garaphic representation of the real world

Front 13

What is a Cartography?

Back 13

the art, science, and technology of making maps

Front 14

What are some properties of maps?

Back 14

scale, usually on a flat surface, a selection of geographical phenomena

Front 15

What is a map scale?

Back 15

the ratio between the measurement of something on the map and the corresponding measurement on the earth

Front 16

What are general-reference map and thematic maps

Back 16

General-reference maps - show location of a variety of features.
Thematic map - also called statidtical maps, show the spatial patttern of one or more geographic attributes or the relationship between several attributes

Front 17

what is a topogrphic map?

Back 17

Depict the shape and elevation of the terrain

Front 18

What are contour lines(isoline) and contour intervals?

Back 18

Contour Lines - all points along a contour line are of equal elevation above a datum plane, usually mean sea level
Contour intervals - the vertical spacing vetween contour lines

Front 19

What are Lattitude (parallel)?

Back 19

the angualr distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees ranging from 0 degrees (the equator) to 90 degrees (the north and south pole)

Front 20

What are longitude (meridian)?

Back 20

the angular distance east or west of the prime (zero degree) meridian measuredin degrees ranging from 0 degree to 180 degrees

Front 21

What is the Prime Meridian?

Back 21

an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England

Front 22

What is the International Date Line?

Back 22

the line where each new day begins, generally folloes the 180th meridian.

Front 23

How do we estimate time based on time zones?

Back 23

earth is divided into 24 different time zones roughly 15 degrees apart from each other on the earths surface

Front 24

What are properties of Latitude?

Back 24

Angular distance, equator, runs east to west, 90 degrees north and south poles, parallel to each other, equator is the longest line

Front 25

What are properties of Longitude lines?

Back 25

Prime Meridian (0), passes though Greenwich, England, runs north to south, converse at poles, same length, define time zones

Front 26

What are map projections?

Back 26

designates the way the curved surface of the goce is represented on a flat map

Front 27

What is Remoter senseing?

Back 27

any of several techniques of obtaining images of an area withour having the sensor in direct physical contact with it, as by air photography or satellite sensors

Front 28

What is GIS?

Back 28

Geographic information system - a computer based set of procedures for assembling, storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying geographically refenced information

Front 29

What is GPS?

Back 29

Global positioing system - a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a consellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations for the determination of extremely accurate locational infromation

Front 30

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Back 30

Weather - the momentary state of the elements
Climate - is a long-term average of the daily weather

Front 31

What are the four elements of weather and climate?

Back 31

Temperature, Moisture (precipiation), Pressure, Wind

Front 32

What factors determine air temperature?

Back 32

sun angle, number of daylight hours, amount of water vapor, cloud cover, land vs. water, elevation above sea level, degree and direction of air movement, sun rays/radiation

Front 33

What is Lapse rate?

Back 33

the rate of temperature change with altitude in the troposphere

Front 34

What is air pressure?

Back 34

the wieght of the atmosphere as measured at a point on the earth's surface

Front 35

What is the reason of winds?

Back 35

the result of pressure differences.

Front 36

What is convection?

Back 36

the circulatory motion of descending cool air and ascending warm air

Front 37

What is precipitation?

Back 37

moisture in form of rain, snow,hail, or sleet

Front 38

What are the 3 types of Precipitation

Back 38

Conventional - results from rising, heated, moisture-laden air
Orographic - occurs as watm air is forced to rise because hills or mountains block moisture-laden winds
Cyclonic or frontal - occurs where cool and warm air masses meet.

Front 39

What is a Climagraph?

Back 39

a bar and line graph that is used to depict average monthly temperatures and precipitation

Front 40

What is a storm?

Back 40

any distrubed state of the atmosphere, especially affecting the earth's surface, and stongly implying severe weather.

Front 41

What is a storm surge?

Back 41

a wall of ocean water pushed by the winds of a hurricane.

Front 42

what is a tropical cyclone?

Back 42

a large storm system with a closed circulation around a centre of low pressure, fueled by the heat released when moist air rises and condenses.

Front 43

What is a Hurricane?

Back 43

a severe tropial cyclone with winds exceeding 119 km per hour originating in the troical region of the atlantic ocean, caribbean sea, or gulf of mexico.

Front 44

What is a Typhoon?

Back 44

a hurricane occuring in the western Pacific ocean region

Front 45

What is a hurricane track?

Back 45

the path a hurricane fallows

Front 46

What is a hurricane eye?

Back 46

the clam, clear central core of a hurricane

Front 47

What is the hurricane classification?

Back 47

Saffir-simpson hurricane scale with clasifices hurricanes of their wind speed and storm surge.

Front 48

What was a major hurricane?

Back 48

Hurricane Katrina

Front 49

What is a hurricane watch?

Back 49

conditions are possible within 24 to 36 hours

Front 50

What is a hurricane warning?

Back 50

conditions are expected within 24 hours or less.

Front 51

How does a hurricane die out?

Back 51

due to a lack of moisture and warm water

Front 52

What is a Hydrological cycle?

Back 52

the system by which water is continuously circultated through the bioshphere by evaporation, transpiration and precipitation

Front 53

What is a water stress indicator?

Back 53

shows the distrabution of water sources

Front 54

What are the two sources of water pollution?

Back 54

Point source( specific) and non point source (large area)

Front 55

What are the four major factors contributors to water pollution?

Back 55

Agricultural, industry, mining, municipalities and residences

Front 56

What are the 3 types of Air pollution?

Back 56

acid rain, photochemical smog, deplection of the ozone layer

Front 57

What are the major contirbuations of air pollution?

Back 57

carbon dioxide, carbon mononide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen ocides, particulates, sulfur oxide

Front 58

Whatis the green house effect?

Back 58

gases serve as an insulating barrier trapping infrared radiation that would otherwise be raradiated

Front 59

What is global warming?

Back 59

The traping of the greenhouse gases

Front 60

What is the main evidence of global warming?

Back 60

melting and disapperance in the artic, changing in earths temps., swizz alps reture thirty to fifty inches per year, the climates are changing, greenhouse gases

Front 61

What are the consequences of globial warming?

Back 61

Indusrty, population growth, growth of people to urban area's, growth of decise due to Carbin dioxide

Front 62

What was El Nino?

Back 62

effects the storms, 14 degrees f warmer and 20 degrees higher, heat transfer, travels west of the west near peru

Front 63

What are the3 types of human impact on landforms?

Back 63

excavation, dumping, anf suface depression

Front 64

What is surface depression?

Back 64

subsidence after resource extraction.
ex:water,oil,gas, coal,salt,gold

Front 65

What are endangered species?

Back 65

those present in such low numbers that they are in immediate jeopardy of becoming extinct in the wild if the causes of endangerment continue

Front 66

What are vulnerable species?

Back 66

have decreasing populations and are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future

Front 67

What are threatened species?

Back 67

include endangered and vulnerable species

Front 68

What are the 2 types of habitat disrupt?

Back 68

A disturbance of the physical environment in which a population lives, including habitat degradation or habitat loss.
Hunting and Commercial

Front 69

What is biological magnification?

Back 69

also called biomagnification, the accumulation of a
chemical in the fatty tissue of an organism and its concentration
at progressively higher levels in the food chain

Front 70

What was important about the three Goges Dam?

Back 70

a dam that was built to control the flooding but is having problems with flooding, water quality and maintance.

Front 71

What are some impacts on mining in the rainforest?

Back 71

Hunting wild life, cutting trees for building material and fuelwood, trigger erosion by clearing hillsides and detonating explosive

Front 72

What is the relationship between fire and longleaf pine forest and fire as a way of forest management?

Back 72

the forests are being burned down by fires that are causes by nature and man has decided to prevent this by cutting the trees down