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464 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define the term "Analysis"
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breaking something up into parts to understand the various component parts
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define the term "synthesis"
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the combining of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole.
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define the term "Praxis"
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practical application of a branch of learning
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What does "art in nursing practice" require a deep understanding of?
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nursing, including theory , technical skills, personal knowledge, and ethical understanding
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List example of how nursing can be an "art" in pain relief
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how to carryout interactions and nursing actions involved in alleviating pain , therapeutic use of self, comfort measures
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What is the definition of art according to the Mcmillan dictionary?
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an activity that requires specific skills and knowledge
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What is the definition of science according to the dictionary?
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intellectual process that uses available mental processes and resources to better predict, quantify, understand, and explain normal & unusual phenomena
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What are example of nursing as a "science" in pain management?
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the nurse using knowledge to make judgements in alleviating pain, pathophysiology/side effects
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Define the term "history"
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story of the past that is significant and true
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Why is history important?
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provides us with a context of where we have come , knowledge of the past helps us deal with the present and the future, helps us learn from out mistakes
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What are the two significant contributions of Florence Nightingale?
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founded the first school of nurses, wrote several books on public health care
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What year was Florence nightingale living ?
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1820-1910
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What signigicant contributions to medicince came from world war 1 (1914-1919) and world war 11 (1938-1945)
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plastic surgery
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Define the term "theory"
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a set of statements that tentatively explains, describes or predicts the relationship among concepts that represent phenomena
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Define the key term "Phenomenon"
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observable connection or relationship between between objects, events, or ideas
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Why are theories important in nursing practice?
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they provide a framework to guide the practice
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What is Theory based practice dependent on the nurse knowing?
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dependent on the nurse knowing the theories that underpin the discipline of nursing
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What are nursing theories?
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critical thinking framework that guides nursing practice
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define the term "philosophies"
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broad statement of values and beliefs of how the world should be
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Why are nursing philosophies important?
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provide a broad perspective of nursing practice
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What do philosphies express the meaning of?
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nursing and nursing phenomena(caring, relational practice, personal knowing) through reasoning and logical presentation of ideas
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When was the British North American Act established?
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1867
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What is the BNA , otherwise known as?
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confederation
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Why is important to know about the history of Canada's Health care system?
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the past speaks in a voice audible to those who want to hear and to listen attentively
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What key historical event happened in 1867?
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British North American Act , otherwise known as confederation
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What did the BNA act designate as government responsibilities?
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Health of aboriginals (later RCMP/Armed forces & veterans) , health policies/contagious diseases, pharmaceutical & food safety, department of health (known today as Health Canada)
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What were the respinsibilites of Provincial and Territorial governments according to the BNA act?
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health/hospitals/asylums, education, social services
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In 1637 what hospital was established by french nursing sisters? Who did the nursing sisters rely on financing from?
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Hote-Dieu de Quebec, relied on financing from the wealthy and organizations.
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What decade did the government start providing some funds for hospitals?
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1900's
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In the early 1900's governements started providing some funds for hospitals, what services were still paid out of pocket?
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physician services
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In the early 1900's who assisted with medical costs for those who couldn't afford it?
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religious and charitable agencies
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List 5 examples of volunteer agencies that helped those who could not afford medical care?
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Order of St.john (home nursing during spanish flue), The Canadian Red Cross (outpost hospitals, nursing stations), Victoria order of Nurses (woman , children), children aid (food and shelter for those who needed foster care), Canadian mental health association
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Compare medical & hospital care in the 1800's - 1900's between the poor and the wealthy
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poor: no health care, family, received health care in crowded hospitals
Wealthy: avoided hospitals, hired Md care privately, HC provided by nurses in homes |
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Where did the middle class fall in terms of health and medical care they recieved?
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somewhere inbetween the care of the poor and ritch
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In the 1800's - 1900's who provided health services to the aborigional?
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shamans, medicine man or woman
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What was the aborigional philosphy of health?
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balance and harmony with mother earth
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What are examples of natural medicine used as treatment by the shamans and medicine men or woman?
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willowbark (components in aspirin), blood warts (sore throat), dandilion (rashes)
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In the 1800's to the early 1900's where were Tuberculosis patients placed?
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Sanatoriums
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Where were the mentally ill placed in the 1700's and 1800's?
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were kept at home
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In what time period were mentally ill admitted to asylums?
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mid 1900's
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Historically what were believed to be the causes of mental illness?
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evil spirits, sin, demonic possession, contagious, environment, brain disturbances
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What half of the 1900th century did each province open their own asylum?
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later half of the 19th century
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Following the BNA , what legislation did all provinces pass regarding mental health?
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instanity act
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What time period was psychotherapy introduced ?
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1950's
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when was chlorpromazine invented?
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1950's
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In what years did anti-depressants come into use?
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1970's-80's
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In what decaded did de-institutionalization start?
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1960's
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Describe the history of mental health services in the 1900's
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asylum care, psychotherapies (1950's), radical therapies (electronegative therapies, drug induced convulsions),psycho-pharmacology (chlorpromazine, anti depressants), De-institutionalization
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When was the concept of triage introduced?
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by the end of wwi
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What were the influences of wwi & ii, on medical advances?
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expanded technology, improved scientific techniques, improved medical care.
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What scientific techniques did WWI and WWII improve?
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blood transfusion,x-ray machines, plastic & reconstructive surgery, advance surgery ,anesthesia,infection control
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What concepts and inventions were made during WW1 and WWII? (1919-1939)
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electron microscope, insulin (1922), oximetry, penicillin(1939)
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What year did the great depression take place?
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1929
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What relating to health care , was a result of the great depression?
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social safety net, governments through tax dollars should pay a role insuring an acceptable standard of living and access to services for all
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In 1942 what did McKenzie king PM amend the BNA to allow?
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Mckenzie king amended the BNA to allow a national unemployment insurance program
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What were the nationally legislated safety net initiatives as a result of the great depression?
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national unemployment insurance (1942), family allowance (1944), National Health grants program (1948) , Old age security (1952)
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How did the Medicare movement move away from a "user pay" health system?
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- the municipal & hospital service plan (1947)
-hospital insurance and diagnostic service act (1957) -Saskatchewan Medical insurance Act (1962) -Medical care act (1966) |
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In what year did all provinces adopt the "medical care act"
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1977
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What did the Municipal & Hospital services plan guarantee?
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resident of Saskatchewan hospital care based on an insurance premium
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What was the purpose of the Saskatchewan Medical Insurance Act?
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to insure physical costs outside the hospital (Dr.strike)
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In 1957 what was the purpose of the Hospital insurance and diagnostic services act?
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any province establishing a hospital insurance plan would get 50/50 federal funding and medical insurance
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What medical services did the Hospital insurance and diagnostic services act NOT cover?
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TB santoriums, mental institutions, and old folks homes
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What did the "medical care act" created in 1966 , implement?
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cost sharing of hospital and medical services
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What 4 principles was the medical care act based on?
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universal, comprehensive,portable and public admn medicare
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what were the implications of the Medical care act (1966)?
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each province/territory was allowed to administer the plan independently- criteria in the act must be met universally,portability comprehensive coverage and public administration.- act only covered hospital costs and medically necessary expenses of physicians- physicians payed by fee for services- dr.services became the primary health care professional "gatekeepers" -hospitals and their expenditures grew
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What were the implications of the "programs financing act"
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blocked funding of cash and tax points this ment less money but there were less restrictions on how money was spent, Doctors still the "gatekeepers" of health care in Canada,HC spending continued to increase
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What happened in the 1970's that led to the establishment of the "programs financing act"
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health system flourished hospitals were built, health spending increased, increased need for community services,
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What time period did the health care reform take place?
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late 1970's
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What were the implications of the health care reform?
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provinces paid more than federal government in funding, hospital cut backs, services were delisted, restrictions on MD fees sparked "extra billing"
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What did the Health care reform result in?
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public concern, review by Dr.Emmet Hall
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What was Dr.Emmets Hall review on the Health Care reform regarding Extra billing?
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violated medicare, put unfair barriers on those who could not pay, movement towards a 2 tiered health care system
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What were Dr.Emmet halls recommendations in his review on the Health Care reform?
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Dr.Bill outside of medicare, national standards, Accesibility be added, form a national health council
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Which groups lobbied for the "health care reform political action"
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canadian nurses association, nurse unions, other health care agencies lobbied for improvements in medicare
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Who lobbied against the health care reform political action?
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physicians
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How did physicians lobby against the health care reform political action?
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Dr.strike in Ontario. They lobbied against banning extra billing. Argues it violated their rights to contract directly with patients.
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What are the 5 principles of the Canadian Health created in 1984?
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1.universality
2.comprehensiveness 3.accessibility 4.portability 5.public administration |
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Explain the principle of universality regarding the principles of Canada health act (1984)
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Anyone who has satisfied the minimum residency requirements is covered by the act (Canadian citizens, refuges, landed immigrants, foreigners claiming refugee status)
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Explain the principle of comprehensiveness regarding the Canadian Health act (1984)
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requires that all medical plans cover all "medically necessary" services.
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What services are not considered Medically Necessary, and would not be covered by medicare according to the Canada Health act created in 1984
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communicable disease control, home care, pharmacare, chronic care, disease self management
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According the the Canada Health Act, who decides what none "medically necessary" procedures should be covered?
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the province
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Explain the principle of "accessibility" according to the Canada Health Act, created in 1984
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equality of access to and utilization of hospital and medical services regardless of ability to pay and where one resides.
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What is the key defining feature of the Canadian health system?
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guaranteed access to all based on need
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Explain the principle "portability" according to the Canada Health Act
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residents are eligible for health coverage in all princes not just the one you live in
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Explain the principle "public administration" according to the Canada Health Act
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provinces operate and administer their plan on a non-profit basis
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In the 1950's- 1960's what role did the federal government play in regards to health care?
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played more of a central role, 50/50 cost sharing
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During the 1970's what was the governenment role in regards to health care compared to that of the 1950's-1960's?
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federal government began to withdraw from central role, there was less money and less restricitons
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In the 1980's what did increased costs lead to ?
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extra billing
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What were the concerns of the Fed governement regarding health care in 1984?
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concerned of encroachment of universality and accessibility
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When did the health care reform take place?
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1990's
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What were the results of the health care reform?
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hospitals had trouble functioning with reduced budgets, cuts and lay offs, doctors and nurses left the country, nursing education programs were cut
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What main point did Senator Kirby argue in the Kirby report (2002)?
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Canada's HC system was not sustainable as currently opperated, suggested new taxes and insurance based on income, financial assistance for medical costs over a certain amount, gov to push limits on wait times, funding for information& technology, and EPR
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What were the recommendations made in the Romanow Commission (2002)?
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create a rural and remote access fund to improve timely access to care in rural and remote areas, a diagnostic services fund to reduce wait times for diagnostic services, a primary health care transfer to remove obstacles to the renewal of primary care delivery, homecare transfer to provide a foundation for national homecare strategy, drug transfer t protect canadians when they require exspensive drug therapies to remain healthy, integrate priority home care services.
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Who was the most influential politician never to be elected primeminister?
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tommy douglas
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What are the three approaches to health in canada?
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medical approach, behavioural approach, socialenvironmental approach
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describe the medical approach?
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traditional medical modal , biomedical approach, western thinking, medical interventions restore health, physilogical cause to health problems,
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describe the behavioural approach
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incorporates lifestyle, environment,biology. Believe other factors contribute to health such as lifestyle , environment, human biology and the organization of health care
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What is the social-environmental approach?
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broadened the determinants of health. Moved away from victim blaming, looks at social and economical factors,believes society is responsible for the health of its members
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Which of the 3 approaches of health care is nicknames the "downstream" approach?
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medical approach
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When did the socioenvironmental approach begin\?
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mid 1980's
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Which policy reports were instrumental in the shapping of health care in Canada and the introduction and development of population health?
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The Lalonde report 1974, Ottawa charter of health promotion 1986, The epp report 1986
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Which of the 3 health approaches to Health care did the "lalonde" report take?
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behavioural approach
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Which medical approach did the Lalonde report challange?
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challanged the medical model, stated the medical model was not improving the health of Canadians
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What did the Lalonde report introduce to the Health of Canadians?
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introduces the 1st of 4 determinants of health , lifestlye, environment, human biology, organized health care
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What was the lalonde report critisized for doing?
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placing responsibility for health on the individual
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What social marketing campagne did the lalonde report introduce?
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participACTION
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What did marc lalone propose to the government regarding health care?
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proposed that all levels of government should be involved in health promotions
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Who began the population health approach here in Canada and internationally?
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Mark Lalonde
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what perspective did the Ottawa Charter for health promotion have towards canadas health care system?
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factors outside of health care play a greater role in improving health of large populations
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What did the Ottawa charter for health promotion believe healthcare went beyond?
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went beyond lifestyles and personal health practices
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What did the Ottawa charter for health promotion believe the prerequisites for health is?
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peace, shelter, education,food, income, a stable environment, sustainable resources, social justice and equity
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according the Ottawa charter for health promotion, who what context places responsibility for health on society?
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social environmental and political context
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What approach to health care did the Epp report take?
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sociology-environmental approach
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What concepts are the Epp report built off of?
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The Ottawa charter for health promotion
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What were the three major health challenges that were identified in the Epp report?
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reducing inequalities, increasing prevention & enhancing coping mechanisms
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according to the Epp report , who should health promotion innitiatives be supported by?
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at all levels of government and beyond ex. employers, healthy workplaces
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What is health promotion?
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initiatives that inform people about things they can do to remain healthy and prevent disease and illness
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In health promotion what is the key factor to help people take control of there own health?
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knowledge
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What is health promotion directed towards?
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increasing the level of well-being and self-atualization
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What is disease prevention?
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actions to stop the development of disease or to detect and treat a disease as early as possible when it does occur
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What are the three levels of disease prevention?
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primary, secondary, tertiary
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What is disease prevention used in conjunction with?
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health promotion
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describe the level "primary" in regards to disease prevention?
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protects against disease before symptoms ever happen
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describe the level "secondary" in regards to disease prevention
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activities to promotes early detection , ex, screening programs
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Describe the level "tertiary" in regards to disease prevention?
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disease that happened, covalescence stage. Helping people live with the disease
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What is the number 1 determinant of health?
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income and social status
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What is primary care?
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the first contact of a client/patient with the HCS that leads to a decision regarding a plan of action to resolve an actual or potential health problem
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What is primary health care?
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an approach to health which includes a spectrum of services beyond the traditional health care system , services adress the non-medical determinants of health such as income, housing , education, and environment
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What is the relationship between primary care and primary health care?
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primary care is the element within primary health care
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List examples of proffesional who provide primary HEALTH care?
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dental, nutrition, outreach (social workers), geriatric services
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Who provides Primary care?
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doctors and nurses
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What does a population health approach aim to improve?
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aims to improve the health status of a population rather than that of the individual
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What aspect of health care does population health incorporate?
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public health initiatives, health promotion, disease prevention and the concept of wellness
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What does population health focus on?
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the root causes of the problem, uses evidence to support resolution strategies
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What does population health provide information on?
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how to adress the problem
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What does population health improve?
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the health needs of society as a whole , with some initiatives focusing on special needs populations
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What are upstream inniatives?
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taking on health problems that are the root causes of many of today's health problems before they become health problems
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What do upstream initiatives focus on?
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prevention, health promotion,action on determinants of health
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Which government agencies play an important role in formulating Canada's population health approach?
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health Canada , public health agency of Canada
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What is the name of the federal department responsible for helping Canadians maintain and improve their health
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Health Canada
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What is the centralized agency under the umbrella of health Canada?
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Public health agency of Canada PHAC
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What does the PHAC respond too?
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national emergencies
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What initiatives does PHAC implement?
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health promotion and disease and injury prevention innitiatives
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What does the PHAC monitor?
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health risks
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What are the branches of the PHAC? (public health agency of Canada)
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infectious disease and emergency preparedness, health promotion and chronic disease prevention, public health practice and regional operations, strategic policy, communications and corporate services
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What are the objectives and Responsibilites of health canada?
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manage funding, work with the province and ensure complicance with the Canada Health Act.
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Who does the Federal government provide health coverage for?
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RCMP, first nations, inuit and inuit populations living on reserves, verterans and military personel, inmates of federal penetentaries, residents of remote and isolated areas
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What is the federal governments responsibility to inform canadians about?
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world health concerns
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What champaigne does the federal government participate in?
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participates in national champaigne for health promotion and disease prevention
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Who has the prime minister of canada appointed as the Minister of Health
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Ms.Leona Aglukklaq
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What does Ms.Leona Aglukklaq have the responsibility of overseeing? (prime minister of health)
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overseeing the public health agency of Canada, health promotion innitiatives, safety standards.
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What does Ms.Leona Aglukklaq have the responsibility of supervising?
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collection and analysis of information carried under the statistics Act
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Who does Ms.Leona Aglukklaq work collaboratively with ? (minister of health)
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provincial and territorial governments
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What does the First Nations and Inuit Health branch oversee
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oversees the delivery of primary health care services to aborigional people who have unique geographical demographic and lifestyle needs
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What does the FNIH branch manage?
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federal funding for health services to aborigional populations they are responsible for overseeing
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Who does FNIH branch work collaboratively with?
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aboriginal provincial and territorial councils to ensure health care.
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What does the World Health Organization (WHO) provide leadership in on a global level?
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health matters
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What is the WHO involved with?
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global research
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What does the WHO monitor and assess?
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health trends
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What does the WHO recommend policies and actions regarding?
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population health initiatives
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What level does the WHO gather information and statistics on ? What level?
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health matters on an international level
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Who is the Public Agency of Canada (PHAC) under the umbrella of?
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Health Canada
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What does PHAC respond too?
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national emergencys
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What does the PHAC implement?
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health promotion, disease and injury prevention innitiatives
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What does the PHAC monitor?
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health risks
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What are examples of health risks the PHAC monitors?
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seasonal flue watch, childhood obesity, active lifestyle champaigns
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What have hospitals and other health care facilities commited to as a result of the SARS crisis?
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open communication, improved policies and procedures
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How many Canadian lives did the SARS virus take?
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44
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How many Canadians died as a result of the H1N1 virus?
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429
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Describe Canada's health emergency preparedness?
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individual Canadians are initially respinsible for their own protection, depending on the threat, various levels of government become involved. The federal government developed the National Security Policy and National Emergency Response System
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What is the federal govenments responsibility regarding hosptials?
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manage, finance. and plan health care services in alignment with CHA, detemine the orgaization and location of hospitals , long tern care facilities, mental health institutions, reimburse MD and hospital expenses
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What are the responsibilites of the Provincial Health Ministers?
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Provide leadership and support to service delivery partners, implement and regulate health insurance,negotiate salaries and other policies with physicians and health care associates
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What are the three categories of health care that all provinces and territories provide?
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Primary, Secondary, Teriary
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In the early 1990's govenment conducted public forms, reviews and other studies to determine what?
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to determine a way to improve the health care delivery
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What belief was the regional approach based on?
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based on the belief that involving the community would increase public participation in health care initiatives, enable the ministry to address the unique needs of the community
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In 1992 , policy document: Quality Health Care for Manitoba the action plan, was released. What did this plan outline?
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outlines a strategy to assure the futute of Manitobas Health services
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What did the regional health authorites act create?
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created regional health authorities responsible for providing for the delivery of and adminisitering health services in specified geographical areas.
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What are the advantages of regionalization?
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links population, health and treatment into a seamless continuum of care. evidence based decision making. creates a base for service planning and delivery,regional governance allows for enhanced consumer choice and involvment (better decision making), recuritment of physicians to rural areas,reduces oppertunity to reduce duplication and overlap through rationalized service delivery
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What was the major rational for regionalization model?
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rationale was to redirect adminsistrative savings into supporting the front-line health care
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What is criteria that must be met for a person to eligible for health insurance?
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Canadian citizenship or permanent resident status, resident of the province or territory in which he or she is seeking health coverage, physically in the jurisdiction for at least 6 months of the year
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What percentage of the total budget in mantioba is spent on health care?
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43%
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What are the top two areas the government spends the most money on in distribution of health spending?
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hospitals, retail drugs
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What types of services does the provincial government provide partial funding for?
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preventative health measures, medical and hospital based services (both inpatient and out patient), treatment of chronic disease, community based rehabilitation care, care for nursing home residents
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What does the provincial government fully fund and regulate?
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hospitals
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What does the federal government contribute financially too?
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community health organizations, services delivered by certain health care professionals (other than physicians), teaching and research institutes
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What do insured services for patients include?
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standard hospital accomodations, meals, ceratin medications, operating room and delivery room services and anesthetic facilities, diagnostic and labratory services, rountine medical and surgical supplies, routine nursing are, certain rehabilitation services
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When is private nursing care covered by insurance?
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when a doctor orders it
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What changes occured from the Mental Health Act that was passed in 1998?
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shift from institutional care to community, enhance support services, continuum of community mental health services closer to home
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|
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Who are the majority of mental health services administered by?
|
RHA
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What are examples of acute inpatient care facilities for mental health?
|
HSC, Selkirk, Eden mental H, adolescent and transgendered center (brandon), Dauphin Hospital.
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What do community mental health services provide?
|
comprehensive assessment, case management, rehabilitation/treatment, supportive counseling and crisis intervention, community consultation and education.
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Who do intensive case management services in mental health work with
|
individuals who have identified goals in areas like school, work, home or social life. More intensive and continuous then other services.
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What other mental health services are offered in manitoba besides acute patient care facilities?
|
mobile crisis unit, critical incedent debriefing team, crisis lines, mental health education resource centre, self help and family support
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What is Manitoba Home Care program mandated to ?
|
persons assessed as having inadequate informal resources to return home from hospital or to remain in the community. People who are waiting for placement into a nursing home
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What does the Manitoba Home Care program provide for people mandated to the program?
|
they provide meal prep, personal care assistance, care management, they ***** and place individuals in long-term facilities when home care services cannot maintain them safely or economically at home.
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What are examples of the different types of public health nursing?
|
prenatal and antenatal care, reproductive health,baby first, family first, child health, communicable disease control, environmental health, emergency preparedness
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Describe the insurance coverage that is provided for services of health care professionals other than doctors?
|
a momentary limit may be imposed per calander per year, or coverage may be provided only for lower income households
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In Manitoba ,what is the insurance policy regarding optometrist?
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under 19 years of age and older than 65 - 1 complete routine eye exam every 2 years, exams for all ages will be covered if deemed medically necessary
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In manitoba, what is the insurance policy regarding chiropractors?
|
Manitoba health will ensure a maximum of 12 visits per manitoba resident per year.
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In manitoba what insurance coverage is provided by the government regarding dental surgeons?
|
Manitoba health will insure certain dental procedures when hospitalization is required.
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What is the purpose of third party insurance?
|
offsets the costs of non-covered services
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what percentage of Scandinavians carry private insurance?
|
60%
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|
How are ambulance services insured?
|
provinces establish their own guidlines and fee schedule. Use of an ambulance , even for medically necessary reasons, may require a co-payment. Fees are usually not charged for medically necessary transportation between hospitals. Interfacility transfers usually require a co-payment.
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What do most jurisdictions usually do for low income individuals and families regarding ambulants services?
|
reduce or eliminate the co-payment
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In manitoba what is the funding provided for longterm care facilities?
|
fuding is based on income tax returns
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In manitoba how are prescription drugs covered?
|
based on a deductable, contians generic versions of common drugs, includes brand-name drugs only if there is no less expensive alternative, does not include combination drugs, time-release drugs, and so called lifestyle drugs
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What are the 5 levels of healthcare
|
1.health promotion, 2.disease & injury prevention, 3.Diagnosis & treatment, 4.rehabilitation, 5.supportive care
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|
|
describe the first level of health care , "health promotion"
|
enabling people control over & improving health
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What are the 3 levels of Diagnosis & treatment?
|
primary, secondary, tertiary care
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Describe primary care as part of the three levels of Diagnosis & treatment (3rd level of health care).
|
first contact with health care system leads to a plan of action for health problem(physician , nurse practitioner) occurs in a clinical setting.
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Describe "secondary care" as the 2nd part of the 3 levels within the 3rd level of health care : Diagnosis and treatment?
|
medical services aimed at seeking diagnosis, occurs in hospital or home settings
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Describe "tertiary care" as part of the third level within the the 3rd level of health care : Diagnosis and treatment
|
specialized and highly technical care treating complicated or unusual health problems occurs in regional,teaching, university , or specialized hospital settings
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Describe the 4th level of health care "rehabilitation"
|
physical or mental illness, injury or chemical addiction
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Describe the 5th level of health care "supportive care"
|
palliative and respite care
|
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|
What composes the fastest growing health care costs?
|
prescription drugs
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|
Where was the need for providing a national drug plan recognized? Why has there been no effective strategy?
|
Ramonow report, due to cost
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|
What percentage of the population is aged 65 or older?
|
1 out of 7 (14 %)
|
|
|
What are the reasons for the population shift in Canada's aging population?
|
baby boomers, the large group born between 1945 and 1963, the birth rate is the lowest ever
|
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What provides for population growth since the birth rate is the lowest its ever been?
|
immigration provides for population growth , one quarter of Canada's older adult population was born outside canada
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|
Why is Canada having home care issues?
|
population is living longer and coping with chronis diseases , the demand for home care is growing. other concerns: home services remaining outside of provincial health plan, coordination of services, insufficient human resources, inconsistent care (difference between public and private)
|
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|
What health services do client often have to wait for?
|
access to specialists, diagnosis tests, visiting a general practitioner for routine medical care.
|
|
|
What do the causes for long wait times include?
|
more people requiring services,a shortage of human health resources,limited access to required diagnostic services, lack of coordination of services, limited access to operating rooms and operating time for surgeons,
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What has the government produced as an initiative for the provinces and territory to establish "reasonable" wait times by 2010?
|
produced benchmark wait times, each provine and territory must provide clients with alternatives treatment if the wait time guarantees are not met., people experiencing urgent or emergency medical situations are not subject to wait lists.
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|
|
Approximately how many people a year , dis as a result of medical errors?
|
24000
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|
|
What percentage of Canadians experience mental illness at some point in there lives?
|
20%
|
|
|
FOR UR INFO
|
mental health services are inadequately covered under provincial and territorial plans, there is a shortage of psychiatrists, particularly in rural regions. Family doctors may provide counseling or psychotherapy.
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|
At what age did Florence Nightingale train to become a nurse?
|
31
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In 1853 which was was Florence nightingale involved in , along with 38 other nurses?
|
Crimea war
|
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|
In 1856 what did Florence nightingale return from the Crimea war as?
|
a national hero
|
|
|
Why do nurses celebrate nurses week in may?
|
it was the month Florence nightingale was born
|
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|
What is Nightingales legacy to nurses?
|
political awareness of the state of military hospitals and care provided to soldiers, researched architecture of hospitals, death rates (maternal child), established one of the 1st nursing schools, education should be under the direction of nurses, pioneer of public health and disease prevention, health care for the poor and disadvantaged, published 2 books
|
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|
What did florence Nightingale provide public awareness of?
|
the state of military hospitals and the care provided to soldiers
|
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|
What did florence nightingale research?
|
architecture and death rates(maternal child)
|
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|
What did florence nightingale establish?
|
1 st nursing school
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|
|
What is florence nightingale the pioneer of?
|
public health and disease prevention
|
|
|
how many books did Florence Nightingale publish?
|
2 books
|
|
|
What did florence nightingale fight for?
|
health care for the poor and disadvantaged
|
|
|
What was Florence Nightingale criticized for?
|
against registration of Nurses, only woman should be nurses, submitted to medical authority in Crimea, described as difficult and demanding
|
|
|
What was florence Nightingale strongly against and crisitsized for?
|
registration of nurses
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|
|
Who did Florence Nightingale believe should be nurses?
|
woman only
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|
|
Where was Florence submitted to the medical authority?
|
in crimea
|
|
|
How was florence nightingale often described?
|
difficult and demanding
|
|
|
Where did the first USA nursing school open in 1872?
|
boston
|
|
|
What was the name of the nurse , who operated a nursing school in Belgium when WW1 broke out and and germany invaded belgium?
|
Edith Cavell
|
|
|
What was Margaret Sangers cause?
|
woman's health, believed woman should have control over reproduction, began birth control pill and lobbied for woman's rights.
|
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|
Who is the first lay(no formal training) nurse in Canada?
|
Marie Rolley Hebert
|
|
|
Who founded Hotel Dieu(1641) at Villa Marie now Montreal?
|
Jeanne Mance
|
|
|
Who are the Jesuit priests?
|
men who provided nursing care
|
|
|
Who formed the Canadian Nuns, Sister of Charity in 1737?
|
Margarette Youville
|
|
|
Who were the first visiting Nurses in Canada?
|
Canadian Nuns , sister of charity (Margarette Youville)
|
|
|
In 1844 , where did the 4 great nuns travel from montreal too ?
|
St.boniface
|
|
|
What was early Canadian nursing influenced by?
|
nightingale, and french religious order
|
|
|
What was the philosophy of nursing back then?
|
a respectable occupation for woman, selfless devotion to duty and service
|
|
|
Where was the first school of nurses established in 1874? Which hospital was is established by?
|
st.Catherine's ON, General and Marine Hospital
|
|
|
What was the first western Canadian hospital established in 1872?
|
Winnipeg general hospital
|
|
|
Who was the St.boniface school of nurses established by?
|
grey nuns in 1897
|
|
|
What approach did community nurses take in the early 1900s
|
comprehensive , preventive approach
|
|
|
What did community nurses provide instructions on?
|
sanitation, hygiene, infant care, children, first aid, and home nursing
|
|
|
What are the VON , said to have brought to the west?
|
brought the gospel of good health, canadianizing immigrants
|
|
|
Who was the first prairie province to institute Public Health services?
|
manitoba
|
|
|
which system did canadian hospital begin to implement in the early 1900's?
|
nightingale system
|
|
|
Who was the prinicple workforce in hospitals during the early 1900's?
|
nursing students
|
|
|
What were nurses with formal training called, before the term Registered Nurse?
|
graduate nurse
|
|
|
In 1918 woman in most provinces were given the right to vote. With the exception of which 2 groups?
|
quebec, native woman
|
|
|
Who was the first woman in the british empire to recieve the rank of major?
|
Margaret McDonald- Matron in Chief
|
|
|
How many general hospitals were established in ww1 to care for returning soldiers?
|
16
|
|
|
How many hospitals were built during ww1?
|
24
|
|
|
During the war how many oversees hospitals and hospital ships were staffed with all nurses?
|
34 oversees hospitals, 2 hospital ships
|
|
|
what organization took on a peace time involvement in health care after ww1?
|
The Red Cross
|
|
|
What did the Red Cross establish certificate courses in at 6 universities after ww1 ended?
|
the red cross established certificate courses in public health nursing
|
|
|
How did the VON encourage woman to study nursing?
|
VON encourage nursing to study nursing by establishing Bursaries
|
|
|
after wwii , how did the federal government contribute to community nursing in the north?
|
funded nursing stations staffed with nurses
|
|
|
what is the Canadian Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses established in 1907 now called?
|
Canadian Nurses Association (CNA)
|
|
|
Who was the 1st president of the CNA?
|
Mary Agnes Snively
|
|
|
What year did the Canadian Society of Superintendents of Training Schools of Nurses become the CNA?
|
1924
|
|
|
What were the contributions of Mary Agnes Snively?
|
rectified deficets in the toronto school of nurses, founding member if ICN, driving force behind the founding of what is known as the CNA
|
|
|
Why is Jean L gunn a historical nurse leader?
|
advocate for nurses and nursing education
|
|
|
Who's vision was it to "transform the role of nurses from physician assistants to professional caregivers"?
|
Ethal Johns
|
|
|
What was Ethal Johns position at the U of BC?
|
director of the first CAN nursing degree program
|
|
|
What were the feelings of the collage of Physicians and surgeons , of advances nursing education?
|
opposed advanced nursing education , stated " over training of nurses is not desirable and results in the losing of their usefulness" and "theoretical branches of nursing are very little use in the sick room"
|
|
|
What did the Weir Report conclude regarding student nurses? (1932)
|
exploited as unpaid workers, education was secondary to hospital work, standards in come cases were non existent, health of students was in jeopardy
|
|
|
What was the key recommendation that resulted from the Weir Report in 1932?
|
nursing education be transferred from hospitals to educational institutions
|
|
|
What influence did wwii have on nursing?
|
gov. increased funding for nursing programs as a result of the demand for highly trained Dr's & nurses. It was the beginning of nursing assistance and LPN's
|
|
|
Who was the first province to pass the Licensed Practical Nurses Act (1945), what did this act legislate?
|
Manitoba, training , licensing and regulation of LPN's
|
|
|
Who was the first aborgional nurse to graduate? (1954)
|
Jean goodwill
|
|
|
When did active recruitment of aborigional woman nurses begin?
|
1970's
|
|
|
What province was educating male nurses in 1892?
|
Nova Scotia
|
|
|
In was year did Ottawa actively recruit male nurses?
|
1950's
|
|
|
What percent of the nursing work force do males represent?
|
5-6 %
|
|
|
In 1959 where was the first masters of nursing program offered?
|
University of Western Ontario
|
|
|
In 1991 where was the first PhD program for nursing offered?
|
university of Alberta
|
|
|
What did specialized nursing programs lead to in the workforce?
|
hierarchy within nursing
|
|
|
Who was the first Canadian Nurse to recieve a PhD and regarded as the most decorated nurse in Canada?
|
Helen Mussallem
|
|
|
What did Helen Mussallem Publish a report on ? What was stated in the report about hospital school instructors?
|
nursing education, stated hospital school instructors were unqualified and nursing education in Canada was in a deplorable situation
|
|
|
In the 1970's hospital based programs were replaced by what type of programs in community collages?
|
Diploma programs
|
|
|
By the year 2000, what is the minimum education requirement to enter the practice of nursing?
|
successful completion of a baccalaureate degree in nursing
|
|
|
Who is Dr.Helen Glass?
|
teacher, researcher, writer, public speaker, consultant to WHO and a nurse leader,Manitoba nursing research institute (1st of its kind)
|
|
|
What program did Dr.Helen Glass initiate as the U ofM?
|
masters program
|
|
|
In the 1990's what was Dr.Helen Glass instrumental in establishing?
|
nurse managed clinics
|
|
|
where did the first education programs for psychiatric nursing occur? What year did phychiatric nursing education shift to collage/univerisites?
|
in asylums, 1970's
|
|
|
what uniform in an iconic symbol of nursing?
|
cap and white uniform
|
|
|
What context are changed to the profession of nursing to examined in?
|
changes to the profession of nursing should be examined in the context of socio-political factors, the womans movement, cultural changes, economic spectrum (depression, to industrial boom to health care reform)
|
|
|
In the 1920's how was nursing perceived?
|
nursing was seen as womans work, it was a labour of love and not a profession
|
|
|
What time period was a scientific basis for nursing finally accepted?
|
1950's
|
|
|
Historically where did most research funding go to instead of Nursing research?
|
historically most went to Bio Medical research
|
|
|
Up until the 1960's nursing was an apprenticeship model, who were the lectures provided by?
|
dr's
|
|
|
What were the misconceptions about the role and responsibilities of the nurse?
|
Nurses were handmaiden/physician assistants
|
|
|
What are historical issues that affect nursing of today?
|
health care continues to be primarily focused on the medical model, woman are socialized to view power and politics negatively, historical barriers to men entering nursing
|
|
|
How did nurses react to the health care reform of the 1990's?
|
Nurses left the profession, nursing shortage, workload & burnout, frustration abouts weight times, increased adverse events for patients and shortened hospital stays
|
|
|
Who makes the standards for Nursing Education Programs?
|
standards are set and monitored by the province's proffecsional/regulatory body (CRNM)
|
|
|
What type of degree is required for clinical nurse specialists, educators, advanced practise nurses and administrative roles?
|
masters degree
|
|
|
What roles does a PhD nurse have?
|
researcher, educators, advancing nursing science, theory and practice
|
|
|
What does CNA promote?
|
role of RN
|
|
|
What does the CNA shape and advocate issues on?
|
health policy
|
|
|
What does CNA engage nurses in?
|
advancing the profession and health of the Canadians
|
|
|
What process does the CNA establish and maintain?
|
registration process
|
|
|
Who does the CNA set and maintain the standards for?
|
new graduates and practising RN's
|
|
|
What does the CNA approve?
|
nursing education programs
|
|
|
What does the CNA receive and investigate?
|
complaints and recommends remedial action
|
|
|
what organization has the slogan "a National Voice for nurses: A voice with power"
|
Canadian Federation Nursing Union (CFNU)
|
|
|
What are the responsibilities of the CFNU ?
|
collective bargaining, advocating for both nurses and their patients, educational opportunities and resources for members, Lobby government to protect and care for nurses and patients
|
|
|
What are the main challenges & issues facing nursing Economics?
|
skill mix, shift from inpatient to outpatients care, shift away from acute care to primary health care, patients in hospitals are sicker and being discharged quicker, aging population
|
|
|
When did the number of nursing graduates peak, and then was followed by a decline?
|
1970's
|
|
|
What took place in the 1990's that was the longest, largest in nursing history?
|
Nursing strike, manitoba nurses continued to provide adequate care under extreme difficult and stressful circumstance, the essential service agreement ensured patients were cared for.
|
|
|
What was the Manitoba Nursing strategies mandate created in 2000?
|
increase the number of nurses, improve access to staff development, involve nurses in decision making, improve utilization, improve working conditions.
|
|
|
What are the gender issues nursing is faced with today?
|
nursing continues to be primarily a female profession, only 9% of admissions were men, stereotypes within and outside the profession, lack of role models, male nurses tend to work in high acuity areas
|
|
|
What are characteristics of the Nursing Process?
|
client centered, open and flexible, interpersonal and collaborative, cyclic and dynamic no absolute beginning or end, emphasizes feedback, reassessment and plan revision,
|
|
|
What is the nursing process?
|
way of integrating the intellectual function of problem solving to define nursing actions which will assist the client to adapt.
|
|
|
What skills and abilities are involved in the Nursing Process?
|
cognitive (thinking, reasoning), psycho-motor(doing), affective (feelings,values)
|
|
|
What are the 5 interrelated components of the "nursing process"?
|
assessment, nursing diagnosis, Plan, Implementation, Evaluation
|
|
|
What are the methods used to communicate the client care plan?
|
care maps/critical pathways, automated care planning systems, standardized care plans,
|
|
|
What information is found on a nurses care plan?
|
establish a priority set of diagnoses, designate client goals and nursing goals, prescribe nursing interventions
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the nursing care plan?
|
defines the focus of nursing care for patients and groups, differentiate the accountability of the nurse from other professions, provide criteria for reviewing and evaluating care, represent priority diagnosis, directs charting, communicates to nursing staff what to observe, what to implement, and what to teach, provides outcome criteria and goals for reviewing and evaluating care, directs specific interventions for client family & nursing staff to carry out.
|
|
|
What are the 6 characteristics of the Nursing Process?
|
systematic, organized, creative(make it individualized for the patient), flexible,goal-oriented,client centered
|
|
|
What is the foundation for the entire nursing process?
|
sound data base
|
|
|
What ways is data collected for the nursing process?
|
cues(info through senses), inference(judgements, interpretations), assessment, collection of information , history and physical exam
|
|
|
What types of approaches are there during Step 1- assessment phase in the nursing process?
|
systems approach, head to toe approach, focused assessments
|
|
|
What is step 1 of the nursing process?
|
assessment phase, includes health history & physical assessment performance and data collection
|
|
|
Define the term assessment?
|
gathering information to develop a data base
|
|
|
What are characteristics of the assessment done in Step 1 of the nursing process?
|
systematic and hollistic
|
|
|
What types of information is gathered during step 1 assessment in the nursing process?
|
interview/health history, physical assesment data, observing client behaviour, diagnostic and labratory data, interpreting assessment data and making nursing judgements
|
|
|
Who is the primary source when collecting data for an assesment step 1 in the nursing process?
|
client, for infants /children/critically ill/handicapped the family/sig other will be the primary source
|
|
|
What are the secondary sources to be used during the first step (assessment) in the nursing process?
|
medical records, health team, shift report, nurse's experience
|
|
|
What is the process of assesment?
|
1.collection of data, 2. validation (calrifying vague/unclear data), interpretation of data, clustering of cues, labeling, documentation
|
|
|
What are the two type of data?
|
subjective, objective
|
|
|
What is a comprehensive data base the basis for in a nursing care plane?
|
basis for nursing diagnosis, individualizing plans of care, for development of expected outcomes
|
|
|
What does a comprehensive Data Base determine in regards to a nursing care plan?
|
determines in nursing diagnosis is potential or actual
|
|
|
What does a comprehensive Data base assist with in the nursing care plan?
|
prioritizing nursing diagnoses
|
|
|
What is step 2 of the nursing process?
|
Formulation of Nursing Diagnosis
|
|
|
What is the purpose of step.2 of the Nursing process (formulation of nursing diagnosis)?
|
determine health problems that are within the domain of nursing
|
|
|
What is a nursing diagnosis?
|
clinical judgement about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes
|
|
|
What are the guild-lines for nursing diagnosis's?
|
- a nursing diagnosis is not a medical diagnosis, within the domain of nursing, should be stated as a functional health problem requiring nursing intervention, should be written in appropriate non-judgmental language, should be clear and simple
|
|
|
What are the 5 types of nursing diagnosis?
|
actual, risk, possible, wellness, syndrome
|
|
|
describe an "actual" nursing diagnosis?
|
represents a state that has been validated by major defining characteristics
|
|
|
describe a "risk" nursing diagnosis?
|
represents a clinical judgment that the client in vulnerable to develop a problem
|
|
|
describe the "possible" nursing diagnosis?
|
describe a suspected problems, requires additional data
|
|
|
describe a "wellness" nursing diagnosis?
|
represents a clients validated desire to move to a higher level of wellness
|
|
|
describe a "syndrome" nursing diagnosis?
|
a cluster nursing diagnosis predicted to be present given an event
|
|
|
A collaborative problem is a problem seeking treatment by many...?
|
disciplines
|
|
|
How are collaborative problems treated?
|
treatment is both physician directed and nursing intervention
|
|
|
What types of complications are collaborative problems that nurses monitor for changes in client status?
|
actual or potential physiological complications
|
|
|
What does the process of development of a nursing diagnosis require?
|
critical thinking and decision making
|
|
|
What are the 4 steps in developing a nursing diagnosis?
|
1.analysis if collected data, 2.interpretation of significant data, 3.identifying a nursing diagnosis using defining characteristics, 4.formulation of nursing diagnosis statement
|
|
|
What is a priority diagnosis relating to the nursing process ?
|
those nursing or collaborative problems that if not managed now will deter progress to achieve outcomes or will negatively affect client status
|
|
|
what is a non -priority nursing diagnosis?
|
those nursing or collaborative problems for which treatment can be delayed without compromising the client status
|
|
|
How should a nurse prioritize nursing diagnosis's?
|
based on hierarchy of needs, urgency or need for action, high risks, what the client sees as priority, time needed to resolve problem, availability of resources (may change unexpectedly based on the clients condition)
|
|
|
What is step 3 of the nursing process?
|
planning, implementation, evaluation
|
|
|
what are the 3 main tasks of the planning phase in step 3 of the nursing process?
|
set client centered objectives, determine expected outcomes, select appropriate nursing interventions
|
|
|
What does goal setting during step 3 of the nursing process reflect?
|
resolution of nursing diagnosis
|
|
|
What is goal setting stated in , regarding step 3 of the nursing process?
|
stated in client based terms
|
|
|
What does goal planning in step 3 of the nursing process set direction for?
|
expected outcomes
|
|
|
what is the main difference between goal setting and expected outcomes in step 3 of the nursing process?
|
goal setting is global in nature and not directly measurable, expected outcomes include observable behavior and measurable criteria for each goal.
|
|
|
What are the guide lines for writing expected outcomes during step 3 (planning phase) of the nursing process?
|
include observable behavior and measurable outcomes for each goal, specific so that all will recognize, provide a time span for goal attainment, mutually set with the client
|
|
|
What must the nurse ensure the her statement is written in when writing an expected outcome?
|
measurable behavioral terms, written sequentially with time frames
|
|
|
How many outcomes are usually written for each goal/nursing diagnosis?
|
several
|
|
|
What are the specific writing guidelines when creating expected outcomes?
|
client centered, singular, observable, measurable, time limited , mutual , realistic
|
|
|
"reflect expected client behavior & response to nursing intervention" describe which guideline for writing expected outcomes?
|
client-centered
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"should address only one behavioral response" describe which guideline for writing expected outcomes?
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singular
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"changes in physiological findings, knowledge, and behavioral" describes which guideline for writing expected outcomes?
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observable
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"a standard upon which to measure a response" describes which guideline for writing expected outcomes?
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measurable
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"indicated when an expected response should occur" describes which written guideline?
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TIME LIMITED
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"agreed upon by client and nurse" describe which written guideline for writing expected outcomes?
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mutual
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"achievable within a reasonable time frame" describe which written expected outcome?
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achievable within a reasonable time frame
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what does the acronym SMART stand for (relating to writing expected outcomes)
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specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time frame
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what are nursing interventions?
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actions based on scientific rational that are delivered to benefit the client, meet client centered goals and resolve nursing DX
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What must the nurse consider when planning nursing interventions?
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characteristics of the nursing diagnosis, desired patient outcomes, evidence based, feasibility of successively implementing , acceptability to patients, capability of the nurse/nurses
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What are the 3 critical functions of the planning step of the nursing process?
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1.setting client centered goals. 2.expected outcomes. 3.selecting nursing intervention
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what is step 4 of the nursing process?
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implementation phase
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what does step 4 (implementation phase) of the nursing process involve?
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applying skills to carry out the individual plan of care
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what skills must the nurse use during step 4 (implementation) phase of the nursing process?
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nursing knowledge, critical thinking, interpersonal and technical skills
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What interventions does the implementation phase (step 4) of the nursing process involve?
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continued assessment, providing direct care, assisting self-care ADL, providing physical care, lifesaving measures
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What phase does the nurse reassess the client to detemine if the nursing interventions have met the expected outcomes?
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step 4 , implementation phase
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What must the nurse do during step 4 of the nursing process (implementation phase)?
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reassess the client to determine if the nursing interventions have met the expected outcome, reviews and revises the existing nursing care plan, organize resources and care delivery , anticipate and prevent complications, implements nursing intervention
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What are factors to consider during the implementation phase?
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client resources, nature of the actions, capabilities of available personnel, available resources
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What is step 5 of the nursing process?
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evaluation phase
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What must the nurse decide during the evaluation phase of the nursing process?
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decide if the previous steps of the nursing process were effective by examining the client's responses and compare the client responses to the behaviors stated in the expected outcomes.
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What must the nurse do to objectively evaluate success in the achieving a goal in the nursing care plan (step 5)?
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1.perform an ongoing assessment of the client status
2.examine the goal statement to identify the desired behavior or response 3.assess the client for presence of the desired behavior or response and document this data in chart 4.compare the established outcome criteria with behaviour or response 5.judge the degree of agreement between the outcome criteria and the actual behavior response 6.if there is no or limited agreement the nurse must examine why and modify the care plan |
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what is the definition of documentation related to nursing care?
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anything written or electronically recorded that describes the status of patient and the care and treatment being received
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What is documentation a tool for?
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documentation is a tool for health care professionals to communicate to one another about the ongoing health status of the patient
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what the main purpose of documentation?
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a tool for health professionals to communicate to one another about the ongoing health status of the patient, type of care provided and the response to care.
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what is mandatory for safety regarding documentation?
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clear, concise and accurate
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what are the Purposes of documentation besides a tool for communication about the care provided and the response to care?
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legal requirement, care planning, mandatory for patient safety, aids continuity of care, evidence for quality assurance, facilitates data collection for research, evidence of personal professional credibility, demonstrates professional responsibility, evidence of nursing contribution to are
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what is documentation required by?
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documentation is required by law
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why is documentation mandatory?
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documentation is mandatory for patient safety
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what does documentation aid ?
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documentation aids continuity of care
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what does documentation provide evidence for?
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documentation provides evidence for quality assurance and personal professional credibility, nursing contribution to care
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what does documentation facilitate data collection for?
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documentation facilitates data collection for research
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what does documentation demonstrate?
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documentation demonstrates professional responsibility
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Documentation is a component of the Standards of practice and ________________________.
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code of ethics
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what does the information in documentation reflect?
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application of knowledge
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documentation demonstrates responsibility for assessment, planning, implementation , evaluation & ______________.
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error reporting
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How does documentation demonstrate critical thinking?
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assessment and response to health issues and potential health issues, provision of safe care, evaluation of outcomes of care, revision of approaches to care
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Who can the nurse discuss contents of chart with?
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only those who are directly involved with the client
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who must the nurse protect the charts from?
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the nurse must protect the charts from unauthorized readers
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where must the nurse place any patient identifiable information
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patient identifiable information must be placed in a shredder
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when must confidentiality be maintained?
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confidentiality must be maintained at all times , even after you are no longer at the place of employment
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the content in documentation indicates that support was given to client to make __________.
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informed choices
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where is information recorded ?
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chart, medication kardex, nursing Kardex (nursing care plan), Electronic health record, incidence/occurrence report
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what can be found in the "physicians orders" on a chart?
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physicians orders found on a chart give instructions to care givers, requests of consultation, orders for diagnostic tests, and treatments
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The graphic or clinical flow sheet is used to identify _______ in vital signs and other measurement data
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trends
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the graphic / clinical flow sheet is a means for entering __________ information more quickly
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current
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signature sheets, advance directives, lab and diagnostic test results, MARS, care maps, consults, admission history & physical assessment are all part of what?
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signature sheet, advance directives, lab and diagnostic test results, MARS , care maps, consults, admission history & physical assessment are ALL PART OF A CHART
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what is the following a definition of? "any event that is not consistent with the routine operation of a health care unit or the routine care for a client"
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INCIDENT, requires an incident report
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What do integration progress notes demonstrate about the writter?
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integration progress notes demonstrate the application of knowledge from the writter
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Integrated progress notes have all disciplines document on _____________ page.
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the same
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Who was assassinated in 1914 that would eventually lead to the beginning of WWI?
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Archduke of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand (& his wife)
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what life event causes Edith Cavell to become a nurse? What was the length of the nursing program at that time?
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caring for her ill father, 5 years
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What was the primary reason Edith Cavell moved to Brussel?
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to act as a headmistress and establish a modern nursing school
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What were Edith Cavell's major accomplishments?
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helped to set up and run the first training school for nurses in belgium, instilled in her nurses that all ppl must be treated equally, helped allied personnel escape
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How and why did Edith Cavell die?
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Edith Cavell was executed by a German firing squad , for her involvement in illegal aid and transport of escaped allied soldiers
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who were the first woman to vote?
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Blue birds aka Canadian nursing sisters.
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what are incidence reports important for ?
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incidence reports are important for quality improvement and identifying high risk trends
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where do occurrence reports do not stay?
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on the chart
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When writting integrated progress reports , the nurse should include what plan of care?
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the initial plan of care
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What information about a patients status must be included when writing integrated progress notes?
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expected and unexpected changes in patient status
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refusal of care and ________ against medical advice must be included in integrated progress notes?
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discharge
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where are unexpected and unusual events regarding pt family documents?
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integrated progress notes
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Where is family involvement and family teaching documented?
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integrate progress notes
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errors , accidents, and _______ should be documented in integrate progress notes.
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omissions
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admissions, transfers and ____________ should be documented in integrate progress notes.
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discharges
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what details should be included in integrated progress notes?
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initial plan of care, unexpected & expected changes in patient status, notification and renotification in patient status,regfusal of care, discharge against medical advice, unexpected/unusual events regarding pt or family, family involvement in care & family teaching, errors, accidents, omissions, admissions, transfers, discharges, complex care situations, discharge notes
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what are the legal guidelines of documentation? (dos & don't s)
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write legibly, be accurate precise(use measurements), be concise (avoid unnecessary wording), be through , include relevant detail, record chronologically.
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what are the charting rules regarding date and time?
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every entry must have a date & time, use 24hr clock
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what system should be used when writing measurements in charts?
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metric system
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Charting Do's and don'ts
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use correct spelling,grammar,punctuation, use the metric system, each page of chart is address-graphed,use standard terminology/abbreviations (not abbreviating is best), No editorial comments, Do NOT leave blank lines/spaces, be timely (chart ASAP, not in advance)
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When a nurse is second guessing someone else's writing in the chart, what should the nurse do?
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call the individual for clarification
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when recording an interaction with another health care worker or member of patient's family, what must be included?
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the persons name
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Is a nurse allowed to right another patients name in a chart?
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NO
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What should a nurse do if she makes a charting error?
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Draw a single line though entry, write "error" or "mistaken entry" and your initials above the error.
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If an error is corrected on a chart at a later date , what must the nurse make sure to include in the documentation?
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record the date and time the correction was entered. DO NOT remove page from the record.
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what should the nurse do if she has forgotten to include information in the chart?
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write date and time when additional information was entered, identify event/previous not to which new info is concerned including date & time
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What should the nurse NOT do if she has forgotten to include information in the chart?
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Do NOT ask someone to chart for you (few exceptions ex.charting medication administration after you have left work), Do not ask someone to leave blank lines for you
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What are the Red Flags for the Lawyers that they will use against you regarding charting?
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pages adresso-graphed incorrectly, incorrect date & times on entries, Entries & stories not sequential, inconsistencies, inaccuracies, omissions, writing between the lines, erasures or obliteration, handwriting not uniform within an entry, labeling indicative of bias, editorial comments.
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what does POMR stand for relating to charting? what is the purpose of it?
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problem oriented medical record, the purpose of an POMR is to develop a problem list and make a care plan for each problem
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what does SOAPIE stand for ? (type/format of integrated progress notes)
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subjective, objective, assessment, plan,implementation,evaluation
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what does DARP stand for? (type/format of integrated profess notes)
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data (subjective/objective), action (nursing intervention), response/result(of client), plan (further action)
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when does preparing for client discharge occur?
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from the time of admission
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discharge planning is a ___________ process including HC team members, family, and cliets.
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collaborative
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What are the items to include on a discharge note?
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status of patient at admission,significant information about the Pt's stay in the facility, instructions given to the patient, family memebers and caregivers about medications, treatments,activity,diets,referrals, follow up appointments, and other special instructions. Where the patient is being discharged to. prescriptions given. All belongings taken. Who they left with . Mode of leaving the facility.
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what must be included about the patients status in discharge notes?
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patients status on admission and discharge
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what significant information about the patients stay should be included in the discharge notes?
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resolved and unresolved patient problems , referrals for follow-up continuing care(when patient should see their health care provider for follow up after discharge)
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What instructions given to the client/family must be included in discharge notes?
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instructions about medications, treatments, activity, diet, referrals,follow-up appointments, and other special instructions
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What are the guidelines for using EPR?
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personal password is used to sign in and out. Do not share this password.
never leave computer terminal unintended after logging on direct the monitor screen away from site of others follow agency protocol for recoding sensitive information exit client record and log off when work is complete notify the appropriate supervisor if a security breach occurs |
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where is documentation best done?
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in a place where you will not be interrupted
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what should the nurse keep during shift about her patient that will make charting alot easier?
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keep detailed notes of data collected
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